INTRODUCTORY. 6 



Of the detached mountains and hills which occur scattered at inter- 

 vals over the inclined plane helow the Ghats, the 

 Orographical features. _ . '. • ' . 



following are most important, taking them from, 



south-west to north-east : — 



1. The Byrawudi Konda, i capped by an outlier of the Kadapa quartzites ; from 



2,000' to 2,200' high. 



2. The Gogulapalli hills. 



3. The Picherla Konda, 1,283'. 



4. The Kanagiri (Kunnigherry) Drug hills, 1,500' to 1,600'. 



5. The Podile (Poudellah) hills, 2,183'. 



6. The Chendalur hill, 1482'. 



7. The Chimakurti hills, 2,091'. 



8. The Kondavidu hills, 1,680' (1,749'). 



Of less importance geographically are the Chundi (Soondy) hills, in the 

 south-eastern corner of the gneissic area, but they are of far greater 

 geological interest than most of the loftier masses. Kotappa Konda, 

 south of Narasaraopett, a noted place of pilgrimage, is a bold mountain- 

 ous mass of granitoid gneiss, 1,588' high. Lastly may be mentioned 

 the Bellam Konda, another granite gneiss hill 1,500 or 1,600 feet high, 

 remarkable for its fine shape, and crowned by an old native fort of great 

 strength. A large number of hills, including the Kanagiri Drug hills 

 and several others of considerable height, have been entirely omitted from 

 the Atlas Sheet 76, which thus represents the Kanagiri taluq as flat, 

 instead of very hilly. 



Of the rivers there is little to be said ; their headwaters rise mostly 



in the east side of the Vellikondas. This is the case 

 Hydrography. 



with the southern rivers, the Man-eru 2 (Mun Air), 



the Pal-era (Pall Air), and the Musi-eru (Mooshee), and also with the 



Chilkalurpadu river in the northern part of the area. The Gundla- 



kamma, which drains the central part of the area, rises beyond that 



range, in the Nalla-malla 3 (Black-mountains); while the Kistna touches 



the area only with its very lowest reaches. 



1 Konda is the Telugu word for mountain or hill. 



2 Eru (air) is Telugu for river. 



3 The western range of the Eastern Ghat barrier, the Vellikondas being the eastern 

 range. 



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