UPPER GONDWANA SERIES. 61 



have also been tamed up from a deep well sunk at Kavurupalem 

 (Cavoororpalliam), 2 miles north-east of Nidamanur. Both these places 

 lie within limits of the Vemavaram patch, the most important and most 

 interesting exposure of the Rajmahal rocks in the Guntur-Ongole 

 country ; but before proceeding to the full description of the rocks here 

 met with, it will be better to refer briefly to three small and important 

 patches lying at but small distances. 



These are, firstly, the Bolaveram patch lying to the west, and the 

 Small patches at Bola- Nagalupalapadu (Nagooloopalapaudoo) and Cha- 



veram, Chadulavadu, and dulavadu patches lying respectively to the sonth- 

 Nagalupalapadu. 



east and south-east-by-south. 



The surface of the Bolaveram patch is entirely covered by the charac- 

 teristic yellow kankar referred to as aceompaying the plant shales in the 

 Yendlur and other more southerly patches. 



The Chadulvada and Nagalupalapadu patches are exposed only in 

 solitary sections, the former in the bed of a tank a mile and a half east 

 of the village, the latter in the great square lowry, or tank- well, east 

 of the village. In both cases the rocks exposed consist of shales. 

 These two patches of shale are separated from each other by a great 

 unbroken spread of cotton soil underlaid by a low ridge of gneiss ; but 

 the cotton soil is so thick and continuous, that it is impossible to draw 

 any boundary lines between the underlying rocks. 



Of all the representatives of the Rajmahal rocks south of the Kistna, 



the beds exposed at Vemavaram (Womayaveram) 

 Vemavaram sections. ... ' 



are the most interesting and noteworthy, as they 



contain a larger number of both animal and vegetable remains, mostly in 



beautiful preservation, than any other beds met with elsewhere. The 



presence among the animal remains of Cephalopoda and Echinodermata 



establish the marine nature of the deposit beyond controversy. 



The village of Vemavaram, close to which these plant-bearing 

 marine beds are exposed, lies 14 miles north-east-by-north of Ongole, 

 and 8 miles inland from the coast, on the eastern slope of a low bare 



( 61 ) 



