GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. 59 



mulitic and Gaj limestone, tog-ether with fragments of quartzite and 

 other rocks of unknown origin. Throughout the conglomeratic beds 

 of the upper Manchhars, pebbles of nummulitic limestone and of the 

 brown Gaj limestone occur, showing" that these older tertiary beds 

 must have been upheaved and denuded in the later Manchhar period, 

 although there is a complete passage between the Gaj beds and the lower 

 Manchhars. 



There appears, however, good reason for supposing that some disturb- 

 ance of the older rocks took place before the deposition of the lower 

 portion of the Manchhar group. 



To the east of the Laki range the Manchhar beds, themselves 



disturbed, rest unconformably on the Khirthar 

 Eelations to older beds. 



group, the beds of which are vertical in many 



places, so that it is manifest in this case that the Khirthars had 

 been upheaved before the deposition of the Manchhars. The presence 

 in this locality of the lower portion of the latter group appears to be 

 proved by the occurrence of teeth and bones of the same mammals as 

 are found in the lower Manchhars elsewhere. 



It is evidently far from improbable that the Manchhar group of 

 Sind should be sub-divided into two distinct groups, the upper being 

 perhaps the equivalent of the typical Siwaliks. Only a few fragments 

 of bones, too imperfect for determination, have, however, hitherto been 

 found in the upper Manchhars, so that no clue to the age of the sub- 

 division is afforded by fossil remains. There is 

 Upper conglomerate. 



also a possibility that the coarse conglomerate 



capping the whole tertiary series should be classed apart from the under- 

 lying beds, although it appears to pass into them. The only reason for 

 distinguishing the upper conglomerate, apart from its great coarseness 

 and thickness, is that it, and it alone, exhibits some slight connection 

 in its development with the existing features of the country ; at least 

 the conglomeratic band appears to be much thicker at the spot where 

 it is traversed by the Gaj river than it is to the northward or to the 

 southward ; and this increase in thickness may be due to an accumulation 



( 59 ) 



