GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. 69 



Nahan group being the equivalent to the f ossiferous lower Manchhar beds, 

 whilst the unfossiliferous upper Manchhars correspond to the ossiferous 

 middle and upper Siwalik beds. No sufficient fossils have been found in 

 the Kasauli or Dagshai sub-divisions of the Sirmur series to show how far 

 these groups are representative of the Gaj and Nari beds, and the same 

 may be said of the Murree group of Mr. Wynne, the lowest portion of 

 which, however, appears to be of Khirthar (eocene) age, as it contains inter- 

 stratified limestones with Khirthar nummulites. 1 The rocks of the Siwalik 

 series cover a very large area in the Northern Punjab, — much larger even 

 than that occupied by the eocene beds,— and are traced uninterruptedly 

 across the western and northern portion of the, province from the 

 southern extremity of the Suleman to the Sub- Himalayan ranges east of 

 the Punjab, and thence almost throughout the outer hills of the Himalayas 

 to Assam, so that there is a great belt of later tertiary rocks extending 

 round the border of the hill ranges west and north of the Indo- 

 Gangetic plain. 2 



Additional notes on Sind tertiary series. — Before quitting the subject 

 of the Sind tertiaries, there are two or three points to which attention 

 may be directed. These points are chiefly of interest with regard to the 

 geology of more extensive areas, but the knowledge, gained in the last 

 few years, of the sequence in Sind, and of the peculiarities of the upper 

 mesozoic and tertiary series there exposed, together with the great im- 

 perfection of our acquaintance with all the neighbouring regions, renders 

 it desirable that these geological features, although they may not be 

 peculiar to the Sind area, should not be overlooked when the characters 

 of the region are compared with those of other parts of India. 



The first of these points is the general conformity of the whole series 

 Absence of general ^ rom cretaceous (perhaps even middle cretaceous) 

 breaks below pliocene. fo pli oeene . Tfo lowest hed} the hippuritic lime- 



tone, passes into the cretaceous sandstones, and these again into the olive 



1 I am indebted to Mr. Lydekker and Mr. Wynne for specimens, and amongst them I 

 recognize N. becmmonti and N. granulosa, both Khirthar species. 



2 For further information on the tertiary beds of India, see Manual, Introduction, pp. 

 1, liv., and Chaps, xiv, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxviii, and xxix. 



( £9 ) 



