CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTORY. 



Page. 



Previous Observers, 1. — Dr. Fleming, 2. — Dr. Verchere, 2. — Dr. Oldharn, 4. 

 — Dr. Warth, 4. — Dr. Waagen, 4. — The Manual of Indian Geology, 6. — 

 — Earlier observers : Elpbinstone ; Burnes ; Mobun Lai ; Dr. Jameson, 

 9. — Physical features, 9. — Continuation of range, 9. — Form of moun- 

 tains, 10. — Their heights, 10. — Surrounding regions, 11. — Drainage, 11. 

 — Kurram gap, 11. — Tangdarra, 12. — Chichali chasm, 12. — Boulder 

 zone, 12. — Torrential action, 12. — Climatal cause, 12. — Water, 12. — 

 Kallar, 12. — Sulphur springs, 12. — Aspect of the country, 12. — The 

 mountains, 12. — The plains, 13. — The Indus channels, 14 ; its current, 

 14.— The boulder zone, 14.— The Bannu Plain, 15 1—15 



CHAPTER II.— RELATIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURAL 

 GEOLOGY AND FORM OF GROUND. 



Coincidences observed, 15. — Anticlinal escarpments, 15. — Parallel fractures 

 to anticlinal axes, 16. — A Salt-range feature in disorder of slopes below 

 scarps, 16. — Cause, 16. — Older rocks in scarps, 17. — Newer tertiary 

 behind and occupying most of hills, 17. — Bannu plain a tertiary basin, 

 17. — Plains of Indus and Derajat, 17. — Unknown to be marine plains, 

 17. — Ancient shore line, 18. — Disturbance, 18. — The last action of this 

 kind, 19. — Its connection with parallel fracture in the ranges, 19. — 

 Pre-Siwalik disturbance, or upper eocene ? 20. — Pre- Jurassic disturbance, 

 20. — Pre-carboniferous disturbance, 21. — Denudation, 21. — Of the whole 

 region, 22.— Of the Chichali range, 22— Of the Indus gap, 22.— Of 

 older than recent periods, 22 ..... 17 — 22 



CHAPTER III.— GEOLOGY. 



The series compared with Salt-range, 22. — The rocks which are similar, 22.— 

 The sub-carboniferous boulder and gypsum groups, 23. — The mesozoic 

 formation, 23. — The cretaceous group, 23 — The eocene limestone, 24. — 

 The lower tertiary sandstones, 24. — The Siwalik (Dangot) sandstones, 24. 

 — The overlap or unconformity of the Khasor and Marwat hills, 24.—- 



