22 WYNNE : TRANS-INDUS EXTENSION OF THE PUNJAB SALT RANGE . 



The coincidence between the continuous cliff lines of the mountains 

 and the disturbance of the beds in the area that they immediately over- 

 look points to relations of cause and effect, the displaced and variously 

 inclined fractured rocks having" given way readily to erosion ; this must 

 have acted during an enormous space of time, not only to remove 

 so many hundreds of feet of the newer formations, but also to have 

 enabled the drainage of a comparatively small area (roughly 48 square 

 miles) to eat through hard limestones and cut through the very core of 



such a massive range as that of Chichali. The 

 Of the Chichali range. 



present remnant of this still rises some 3,400 feet 

 higher than the nearest part of the Indus channel. 



• Extreme results of this agency are also exhibited in the vicinity of 



the Indus itself, where disturbance has likewise 

 Of the Indus gap. 



been intense, and where some of the ancient valley 



beds, belonging to a period when the river apparently ran 2,000 feet 

 above its present level, are probably represented in the post-tertiary con- 

 glomerate which caps the hills of Kalabagh. 



Denudation of three older periods is also traceable in the detrital beds 

 connected with the discordance already pointed out, 



Of older periods. 



and is indeed the chief evidence on which the 

 detection of the older earth movements has been based. 



CHAPTER III.— GEOLOGY. 



The geological structure of the trans-Indus extension of the Salt 

 Compared with Salt Ran g e repeats in a great measure that of the 

 Ran £ e - western portion of the Salt Range proper, but 



with some considerable differences. The palaeozoic rocks, so far as 

 represented by the red marl, rock-salt and gypsum, are quite the 

 same, and so are the carboniferous and triassic groups, but others of 

 the sub-carboniferous beds present themselves with a different asso- 

 ciation from those cis-Indus. The purple sandstone group of the Salt 

 ( 232 ) 



