197 
tropical shrubs, trees, and herbs. More conspicuous among 
these are the red mangrove (Rhizophora), the white mangrove 
(Laguncularia), the black mangrove (Avicennia), and the dune- 
mallow (Walache scabra). Further north for long distances, the 
marshes disappear and the stationary sand-dunes, with various 
kinds of hammocks or pinelands, form the water-front. Most 
of these old dunes are clothed with a copious growth of the sand 
pine (Pinus clausa), and an association of scrub oaks (Quercus) 
and rosemary (Ceratiola). 
This ‘scrub,’ or formation of stationary sand-dunes, turns 
away from the present coast line south of the source of the Saint 
John’s River and extends up between the Kissimmee and Saint 
John’s Rivers to the region west of Lake George, thus forming a 
kind of a divide. 
At several places where the dunes rise abruptly from Saint 
Lucie Sound and the Indian River, we find very interesting 
hammocks, quite different from any others in the state. There 
we find a mixture of typically tropical shrubs and trees, apparently 
altogether out of place, and shrubs and trees characteristic of 
more northern regions. The tropical elements were brought 
northward long ago in some way and maintained there, evidently, 
by the proximity of the continuously warm water of the lagoons. 
Among the tropical elements may be mentioned: strangling-fig 
(Ficus), pigeon plum (Coccolobis), caper tree (Capparis), wild 
lime (Zanthoxyium), gumbo-limbo (Elaphrium), butter-bough 
(Exothea), bitterwood (Simarouba glauca), torchwood (Amvris 
elemifera), lancewood (Ocotea), myrsine (Rapanea), marlberry 
(Icacorea), satinleaf (Chrysophxlium), fiddlewood (Citharexxliunz), 
and white wood (Schoepfia). 
Among the northern elements are hickory {Hicoria}, mock 
orange (Laurecerasus), and wild olive (Osmanthus). 
This mixture is often striking. particularly when we find the 
hickory growing with mastic (.Wastichodendron). Tropical 
cacti grew there also, the genera Harrisia and Selenicereus being 
represented by a species each. 
Further north along the Indian River many hammocks that 
invited inspection were passed by for lack of time. North of 
