264 Transactions—Z oology. 
As the entomologists of Australia and New Zealand do not seem 
thoroughly to comprehend why the Nymphalide (and not the Papilionide) 
are now placed at the head of the butterflies, we shall here quote from Mr- 
Bates’s admirable paper in the Journal of Entomology for 1864, and they 
will then see that this renowned lepidopterist has arranged the five families 
in a perfectly gradational and natural series. He has not followed Linneus 
in choosing the Papilionide to commence with because they are big, and 
the Hesperiide to conclude with because they are little, but he has studied 
the structure of each family from the larval to the perfect condition.* 
« Family 1. Nymenatipm. Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the 
female wanting the tarsal claws ; in the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, 
eonsisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the 
tail. 
~ a. Lower disco-cellular nervule of the hind wing perfect. 
Subfamily 1. Danaine. Larve smooth, with fleshy processes. Fore-wing 
submedian nervure of the imago double at its origin. (This subfamily 
includes the greater part of the Heliconide of authors). 
Subfamily 2. Satyrine. Larve with bifid tails, spineless. Palpi of the 
imago generally compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. 
— Subfamily 8. Brassoline. Larve generally with bifid tails, spineless. 
Hind wing of the imago furnished with a prediscoidal cell. 
Subfamily 4. Acreine. Larve studded with branched spines. Palpi of 
the imago thick and scantily clothed with hair. 
Subfamily 5. Heliconine. Larve studded with branched spines. Palpi 
of the imago clothed with fine scales, and hairy in front. 
b. Lower discocellular nervule, at least of the hind wing, more or less 
atrophied. 
Subfamily 6. Nymphaline. 
Family 2. ERYCINDA. Six perfect legs in female; four in male; the 
anterior tarsi — only of one or two joints and spineless. 
Subfamily 1. Libythein . Pupa suspended freely by the tail. 
Subfamily 2. Stalachting. Pupa secured rigidly by the tail in an in- 
clined position without girdle. 
Subfamily 8. Erycining. Pupa recumbent on a leaf or other object, 
and secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle. 
Family 8. Lxcxwipn. Six perfect legs in female; four in male; the 
anterior tarsi wanting one or both of the tarsal claws, but densely spined 
beneath. Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle. 
Family 4. Partionrpm. Six perfect legs in both sexes. Pupa secured 
* Compare Seudder * On the Classification of — d ” Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 
1877, pp. 69-80. 
