Travers.— On the former Warmth in high Northern Latitudes. 467 
tions of Dr. Falconer, and Sir Proby Cautley, in the Sewalik Hills: Sir 
Charles remarks that these and other investigations lead irresistibly to the 
opinion that there was a much greater analogy in those ages than there is 
now between the temperature of the West Indies in latitude 18° and that of 
Europe in latitude 48°. But he also says, which is much more significant 
for the purposes of my contention, that if we pass from the equatorial to the 
arctic latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, we find an assemblage of fossil 
plants resembling in many respects that of Œninghen, in Switzerland, in 
which Professor Heer detected the leaves, fruits, and sometimes flowers of 
about 500 species of plants, in which he found a near resemblance to the 
flora of the Carolinas and other southern states of the American Union. 
Of the Lower Miocene flora he says ''that it has been traced from Italy 
northwards to Devonshire, and even to Iceland. In these high latitudes, 
however, the tropical and sub-tropieal genera disappear, though the vine 
and tulip-tree and some other forms indicate a temperature 15? to 20? Fahr. 
warmer than that now belonging to the same countries," quoting Heer and 
. Gaudin, * Climat du Pays Tertiare," pp. 174-207, in support of his 
statement. 
Further on he says (still speaking of the Lower Miocene flora), **In 
Spitzbergen, in latitude 78° 56’ N., no less than ninety-five species of 
plants are described by Heer, many of them agreeing specifieally with North 
Greenland fossils. In this flora we observe Taxodium of two species, a 
hazel, poplar, alder, beech, plane-tree, lime (Tilia j), and a Potamogeton, 
which last indieates a fresh-water formation, accumulated on the spot. 
Such a vigorous growth of fossil trees, in a country within 12? of the pole, 
where there are now scarcely any shrubs except a dwarf willow and a few 
herbaceous and eryptogamous plants, most of the surface being covered 
with snow and ice, is truly remarkable.” 
With regard to the Eocene fauna and flora of Central Europe, we learn 
that it possesses species and genera having a great affinity to Lower Miocene 
forms, but departing further than these do from the modern European type, 
and resembling, in many respects, those of the tropical regions of India and 
Australia, and that, especially in the London clay of the Isle of Sheppey, 
fossil fruits of the cocoa-nut, screw-pine, and custard-apple remind us of 
the hottest parts of the globe. In the beginning of the eleventh chapter, 
Sir Charles specially calls his reader's attention to the fact, that an 
examination of the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene strata, viewed suc- 
cessively in the order of their higher antiquity, affords evidence of a 
temperature continually increasing in proportion as we recede further from 
the glacial epoch. (The italics are mine.) Passing now to the secondary 
formations generally, the same law as that traced in the tertiaries is found 
