XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XII 



Taxonomy 260 



Conceptions of taxonomy — Ray and Linnisus in taxonomy — Later temporary 

 systems of classification — The LinnsDan sytem — Rules of nomenclature — The 

 international code — The basis of classification — The method of taxonomy — 

 The difficulties of taxonomy — Relations of taxonomy — Tabular view of the 

 classification of animals as far as orders — Brief characterizations of the major 

 groups of animals. 



CHAPTER XIII 



Ecology 275 



Scope of ecology — Structural adaptations — Physiological adaptation — Adap- 

 tation not purposeful — Animal associations — Colonies — Societies — Parasitism 

 — Symbiosis — Slavery — Predaceous habit — Mimicry — Ecological value of 

 species relations — Plants as food — Plants as protection — Highly specialized 

 relations of animals to plants — Moths and Yucca — Insects and figs — Rela- 

 tions of animals to the physical environment — Animal reactions and habitat 

 — Reactions of Lernaxjpoda — The environment as a whole — Methods and 

 aims of ecology — References. 



CHAPTER XIV 



Zoogeography 289 



Facts of distribution— Differences in geograpliical position — Diflferences in 

 size of range — Differences in continuity of range — Difference in physical 

 conditions in different ranges — Differences in proximity of apparently related 

 forms — Factors of distribution — ^Migration — Periodic migration — Sporadic 

 migration — Normal migration — Accidental dispersal — Distribution by man — 

 Dependence upon environmental conditions — Diversity and mutability of the 

 environment — Extinction — Evolution — Methods and aims of zoogeography 

 — References. 



CHAPTER XV 



Paleontology 310 



Nature of fassils — Subsequent fate of fossils — Discovery of fossils — Change 

 in species during geological time — Geological time scale — Change of environ- 

 ment — Migrations of animals — Migration of the environment — Lines of 

 evolution — Evolution of the elephants — McKritheriuiu — Pala^omastodon — 

 Triloph(jdon — -Mastodon — Stegodon — Elephas — Evolution of the horse — 

 Eohippus — Mesohippus — Merychippus — Pliohippus — Equus — Relation to 

 the environment — Evolution of the camel — Evolution of the cephalopods — 

 Relationships of living animals — Extinction of groups — Prehistoric man — 

 The nature of paleontological evidence — References. 



