CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I 



Page 



Preface ix 



Introduction 1 



Morphology — Physiology — Ecology — Zoogeography — Pal eontology — Tax- 

 onomy — Evolution — Summary and comparison — Conditions of early biology 

 — -The early Greeks — Aristotle — The dark ages — The revival — The experi- 

 mental method — The microscope — Classification — Comparative anatomy 

 — The discovery of cells — Evolution — Genetics — Conclusion — References. 



CHAPTER II 



Morphology of the Cell 25 



Errors — Additions — Influence of the cell theory — The size of cells — Gross 

 shape — Nucleus and cytoplasm — Other bodies in the cell — Polarity — Struc- 

 tural relation to other cells — Finer structure of the cytoplasm — Structure 

 of the nucleus — Chemistry and physics of protoplasm — Proteins — Lipoids — 

 Carbohydrates — Fats — Salts — Protoplasm a colloidal system — The terms 

 cell and protoplasm — References. 



• 



CHAPTER III 



Physiology of Cells 43 



Physical and chemical processes of living matter — Diffusion — Osmosis — 

 Isotonic or isosmotic solutions — True solutions and the colloidal state — 

 Application to living organisms — Metabolism — Intake and preparation of 

 substances — Intake in plants — Photosynthesis — Protein synthesis — Fat 

 formation — Foods for plants — Foods for animals — Further characteristics of 

 carbohydrates, fats and proteins — Digestion — Enzymes — Important enzymes 

 and their action — Digestion in cells — Assimilation — Respiration — Respira- 

 tion and photosynthesis— Excretion — Secretion — Growth — Reproduction — 

 Protoplasmic movement — Flowing of protoplasm — Amoeboid movement — 

 Ciliary movement — ^Flagella — Myonemes — Irritability — Relation of nucleus 

 to metabolic activities — Evidence from regeneration — Evidence from plasmo- 

 lyzed cells — Evidence from position of nucleus — Summary and inference — 

 Deferred subjects — References. 



CHAPTER IV 



Cell Division 70 



Discovery of cell division — Nomenclature — Generalized account of mitosis — 

 The prophases — Equatorial plate — The metaphase — The anaphases — The 

 telophases — -Variations in mitosis — Achromatic figure — Chromatic figure — 

 Division of cytoplasm — Significance of mitosis — Mechanism of mitosis — Ami- 

 tosis — Limited occurrence of amitosis — Mitosis and amitosisin the Protozoa 

 — Discussion — Universality of cell division — References. 



xi 



