HOFFMAN.! ETHNOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS. 477 



that such is the case.* These two tribes are as low in the scale of civili- 

 zation as any tribes found in the Southwest ; are ignorant of agriculture 

 and the manufacture of pottery ; whereas the Moqui cultivate large areas 

 of soil and continue to produce some really excellent examples of ce- 

 ramic art. 



What traditions exist at this day among the tribes of Arizona regard- 

 ing Montezuma appear to have originated with the early Spanish ex- 

 plorers. No reliance can be placed upon them, at least from which wc 

 can deduce any theory regarding their former history. 



9. EuiNS. 



Eemains of foundation-walls exist in considerable numbers on the east- 

 ern banks of the Colorado Ohiquito.t Upon these, more recent struc- 

 tures had been erected of adobe and wood, which have long since gone 

 to decay. Immense quantities of broken pottery lie scattered over the 

 ground, among which are numerous fragments of obsidian, caruelian, 

 and other varieties of silicious stones, foreign to the soil. 



Several miles north of Camp Verde, on the west bank of Beaver Creek, 

 the limestone wall forms a perpendicular escarpment about 100 feet high. 



About half-way between the summit and the base of this, into an ex- 

 cavation either natural or artificial, is built a large and imposing cliff 

 fortress. I say fortress, from the fact that all the cliff dwellings from 

 this locality upward along the stream to Montezuma Wells, a distance 

 of about 6 or 8 miles, are very small, containing but a single room 

 (very rarely two), the dimensions of which vary from 4 to 8 feet square 

 and from 3 to 5 feet high. At a short distance they appear like swallow- 

 nests, rather than habitations at one time occupied by human beings. 



The fortress is about 30 or 35 feet in height, each story receding several 

 feet; the horizontal distance of the front wall is about 50 feet, the walls 

 being built nearly out to the face of the escarpment. There is a square 

 tower in the middle front of the lower wall, through which I found the 

 only means of access. The tower or bastion is nearly 6 feet square, the 

 iirst floor being at present so covered with guano and bat-lime that it is 

 difficult to ascertain the exact dimensions as regards height. There is 

 an opening in the second floor of the bastion through which I had to 

 crawl before being able to gain an entrance to the main rooms above. 

 The floors are constructed of logs, about one foot thick, which had been 

 partly flattened above and below by rude cutting- tools. Over these are 

 laid, at right angles, thin saplings of cedar, which are in succession cov- 

 ered by layers of dirt, fragments of pottery, and bird and bat manure. 

 In the second story, after digging down to a depth of over 2 feet, we reached 

 the floor. The second story is divided into several different apartments, 

 averaging from 8 to 10 feet in length and about 6 feet in depth. The 



* Leroux gives the following in Lieutena.ut Whipple's Report upon the In(lia,n Tribes, 

 <Pac. R. R. Rep. vol. iii., p. 13. : 



Tribal names. 



In Zuui. 



Gual-pi ..L, 



Wathl-pi-e. 

 Shi-win-e-wa. 



Shi-win-ua 





[The syllables Gual and JSual are pronounced as in Spanish.] 



1 Lieutenant Whipple notices these in his ithierary report. <Pac. R R. Rep., vol. iii, 

 p. 76, 77. 



