48 Transactions,—Miscellaneous, 
separates it from Salford, which has a population of 136,000, and whose 
death-rate is 29:3 per 1,000, and density per acre, 26:3. There are compara- 
tively few water-closets in Manchester, and they are discouraged as much as 
possible, and practically forbidden in houses of a smaller kind. There are 
42,000 privies, and these are gradually being altered into pan-closets. 
Already 24,000 have been thus converted; and Dr. Leigh, the medical 
officer of health, expects that in three years the whole will have been 
altered. Dr. Leigh calculates that, when all the privies are converted, 
6 million gallons of urine annually will be kept out of the sewers, and 
consequently out of the Irwell, that were formerly allowed to flow into it. 
Next, the system of removing is entered into, but we pass over this, and 
only note that about 3,000 tons of material are dealt with weekly, and” 
these consist of—paper, 1 ton; rags, 3 tons; dead animals, 2 tons; stable 
manure, 2 tons; old iron and tin plate, 33 tons; refuse from slaughter- 
houses and fish shops, 60 tons; broken pottery, earthenware and glass, 80 
tons; vegetable refuse, door-mats, table-covers, floor-cloths, old straw mat- 
trasses and 100 tons fine ashes, 1,250 tons; cinders, 1,400 tons. These 
are separated, and specially dealt with; and, I may note here that, 
amongst these, 400 tons of manure is made weekly, and sold at 12s. 6d. 
per ton. 
OxpHam was the last place visited by the Deputation. It is a purely 
manufacturing town, having a population of 88,000, and an annual mor- 
tality of 28:2 per 1,000; the density, per acre, being 18:7. The pail 
system is in general use, and the contents are taken by the Carbon Fertili- 
zing Company, who have purchased the patent for absorbing excrementi- 
tious matter by charcoal. The Deputation add that, unfortunately, this 
patent does not appear to have had a fair trial, the works being in 
inextricable confusion. 
Guascow.—A few statistics of their own city is added, of which the 
following, as well as the preceding, are extracts. The estimated population 
in 1875 was 534,564, and the average mortality 29:9. The area of ground 
occupied is 6,084 acres; giving an average density of 88:6 persons per acre. 
The number of dwelling-houses in 1874 was 101,368; and of shops, ware- 
houses, and factories, 16,218. The water-closets nnmbered 81,927 ; sinks, 
71,291; fixed basins, 9,865; and urinals, 211. There are, also, at the pre- 
sent date (1878), 6,751 dry ashpits; 1,995 middins or wet ashpits; 8,816 
pan-closets; 94 trough-closets (chiefly in public works); and 18 publie con- 
veniences, 7 of which are fitted with pans, and 6 with Macfarlane’s patent 
troughs. One hundred and nine manufactories discharge refuse of various 
kinds into the sewers, And there are 2,304 stables, with 7,024 horses; 
