Hvrrox,—On Phalacrocorax carunculatus. 333 
the name of Pelecanus carunculatus, distinguished, among other things, by 
having red caruncles, or elevated papillæ, behind the nostrils. 
Dr. Latham in his “General Synopsis of Birds,’’* (1878), using the 
unpublished manuscripts and drawings of the Forsters, appears to have 
divided this species into two, which he called the carunculated =e and 
the tufted shag respectively. 
Subsequently (1788) Gmelin, in editing Liunsus' ** Systema Natura" 
took these two species out of Latham and named them Pelecanus caruncu- 
latus and Pelecanus cirrata, the last being Latham’s “tufted shag." Both 
are said to come from New Zealand only. P. carunculatus is said to have 
the face naked and *'earunculated red," and to be about 20 inches in 
length. 
P. cirratus is said to have the crown erested, the tail composed of 
fourteen feathers, and in length to be about 84 inches. 
In 1828 Latham published his ** General History of Birds," in which he 
adopts Gmelin's scientific names. 
Graculus carunculatus is said to be about 30 inches in length, and to have 
the space between the bill and the eye much carunculated, and over the eye 
a tubercle much larger than the rest. It is said to be rare in Queen Char- 
lotte Sound (New Zealand) and abundant in Staaten Land. Graculus 
cirrhatus is said to be 34 inches in length; no caruncles are mentioned, but 
the skin round the eye is said to be bare. Evidently following Gmelin 
doubtfully, he remarks—* tail rounded and said to have fourteen feathers.” 
Queen Charlotte Sound is given as the only habitat. 
Captain King, R.N., deseribed in 1830 (P.Z.S., Part L, p. 80) under 
the name of Phalacrocorax imperialis, a shag, from the Straits of Magellan, 
which has the head crested. No mention is made of any caruncles, but the 
tail-feathers are said to be twelve in number. Brandt (Bull. Sei. Acad., 
Petersburg, 18371) not only gives all these three species, but adds another, 
Carbo purpurascens, from Chili and the Falkland Islands, characterised by 
the absence of any white on the wing-coverts. 
Mr. G. Gray in the “ Zoology of the Voyage of the Erebus and Terror” 
(1844) united Gmelin's two species under the name of G. cirrhatus, and 
said that G. carunculatus was the young, “ wanting the crest, the long 
linear feathers over each eye, and the oblong spot on each wing." He gives 
P. imperialis, King, as a synonym of P. cirrhatus, Gmel. 
Bonaparte in his ** Conspectus Generum Avium"' (1857) separates 
cirrhatus from carunculatus, and puts them in different genera, on account 
of the supposed difference in the number of the tail-feathers. Hypoleucus 
* This book I have not seen 
t I take these from the edition of 1806. The length is probably a mistake for "e. 
t This publication I have not seen 
