586 Transactions.— Zoology. 
The idea that the South American bird is P. cirrhatus was probably 
stated by Mr. Gray, who no doubt had seen Captain King's specimens, 
giving P. imperialis, King, as a synonym of P. cirrhatus, Gml.; but Mr. 
Gray included P. carunculatus with P. cirrhatus, and Bonaparte gives 
imperialis as a synonym of P. carunculatus, Gml. 
The synonomy will therefore be as follows :— 
PHALACROCORAX CARUNCULATUS 
Caruneulated Shag, Latham (1775). 
Pelecanus carunculatus, Gmelin (1778). Habitat wrong. 
Graculus carunculatus, Latham (1828). 
Phalacrocorax imperialis, King (1830). 
Carbo carunculatus, Brandt pani 
Carbo purpurascens, Brandt 
MPH bo a PEPERIT oes (1857). 
aparte (1857). 
Graculus caricata. oe (1870). 
Graculus carunculatus, Hutton (Cat. Birds of New Zealand, 1872, ex Layard) 
Hab. wron 
Graculus cirrhatus, Finsch (1874). 
Graculus carunculatus, Coues (1875). 
b.: Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen's 
Land. 
PHALACROCORAX CIRRHATUS. 
Tufted Shag, Latham (1775). 
Pelecanus cirrhatus, Gmelin (1778). 
Graculus cirrhatus, Latham (1828). 
Carbo cirrhatus, Brandt (1837). 
Graculus cirrhatus, Gray (1814). 
Hypoleucus cirrhatus, Bonaparte (1857). Habitat wrong. 
Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Buller (1873). 
Graculus carunculatus, Finsch (1874). 
Graculus carunculatus, Sharpe (1875). 
Hab.: New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. 
The next question is, are there more than two species? The Kerguelen's 
Land birds differ from those of South Ameriea in having no white bar on 
the wing, and in the caruncle being yellow instead of erimson. If constant 
these differences are sufficient to distinguish the Kerguelen's Land species, 
to which the name of P. purpurascens, Brandt, should be applied, unless that 
is only the immature P. carunculatus, which is most likely. 
Dr. Buller has also suggested (Trans. N.Z. Inst. IX., p. 388) that P. 
cirrhatus may possibly include two species, the birds of the Chatham 
Islands being distinguish:d from those of New Zealand by being smaller 
and crested, and he formerly proposed to call the New Zealand bird P. 
finschi, but found that that name had been appropriated by Mr. Sharpe. 
