ROSACEA. 201 



or 3 or 4 together at the ends of the branches ; the stipules of the undeve- 

 loped floral leaves forming elliptical bracts. Fruit ovoid or rarely nearly 

 globular, without bristles, although there are often a few on the pedicels ; 

 the 5 divisions of the calyx persistent, spreading or reflexed, either all 

 dilated at the top and entire, or more frequently one pinnate on both sides, 

 two on one side only, and the other two entire. Styles fi-ee, but collected 

 in a dense hairy mass scarcely protruding from the orifice of the calyx- 

 tube. Central carpels always distinctly stalked, according to Xoch, a cha- 

 racter which requires further verification. 



In hedges and thickets, the commonest Rose throughout Europe and 

 Russian Asia. Abundant in Britain. Fl. summer, rather early. It varies 

 considerably in the foliage, either quite glabrous or more or less downy, 

 especially imderneath, and often glandular at the edges, but never so much 

 so as in the Sweetbriar R., nor so downy as in the downy R., from which it 

 is usually readily distinguished by the prickles and the fruit. The plants 

 figured in English Botany as R. coUina, t. 1895, R. ccBsia, t. 2367, R- sar^ 

 mentacea, Suppl. t. 2595, R. dumetorum, t. 2579 and Suppl. t. 2610, S. 

 Forsteri, Suppl. t. 2611, and probably also R. tomentosa, t. 990, appear to 

 be aU reducible to the dog R. 



5. Field Rose. Xtosa arvensis, Linn. 

 (Eng. Bot. t. 188.) 



A much more trailing plant than the dog R., often extending to many 

 feet, with slender branches. Foliage and prickles nearly as in that species, 

 but the leaflets are usually more glabrous and shining on the upper side, 

 rarely slightly downy. Prickles usually small, and much hooked. Flowers 

 white and scentless, usually 3 or 4 together at the ends of the branches, 

 rarely solitary. Fruit globular or nearly so, without bristles ; the calyx- 

 divisions mostly entire, and falling ofi" before tlie fruit is ripe. Styles 

 usually united in a column protruding from the orifice of the calyx-tube, 

 and the carpels all quite sessile, but neither of these characters aj)pear to 

 be quite constant. 



In hedges and thickets with the dog R., in western and central Europe, 

 and often as common, but not extending so far to the north, nor apparently 

 into eastern Europe. Abundant in England and Ireland, but becomes 

 scarce in Scotland. Fl. summer, lasting muck later than the dog R. 



XIV. PYRUS. PYRrS. 



Trees or shrubs, with entire or pinnately divided leaves, and showy 

 flowers, either proceeding, with a few leaves, from buds or spurs on a former 

 year's wood, or in simple corymbs at the ends of the year's shoots. Calyx- 

 tube adhering to the ovary, the hmb with 5 small divisions. Petals 5. 

 Stamens numerous. Styles 5 or fewer. Fruit forming with the calyx a 

 fleshy mass, divided in tlie centre into 5 or fewer cells of a leathery or car- 

 tilaginous consistence, each cell containing one or two seeds or pips. 



A genus of several species, widely spread over the northern hemisphere, 

 but chiefly in central Asia and southern Europe. This and the three fol- 

 lowing genera, although universally distinguished by modem botanists, are 

 nevertheless separated only by characters of little importance and ditficult 

 to appreciate. The structure of the flowers is the same in all ; the number 

 of styles is variable, the distinction consists chiefly in the consistency of 



