Ch. vi. Inhabitants of the North of Europe. 101 



dred thousand were computed to have perished 

 by cold and hunger.* Constantine adopted the 

 plan of Probus and his successors in granting lands 

 to those suppliant barbarians who were expelled 

 from their own country. Towards the end of his 

 reign, a competent portion, in the provinces of 

 Pannonia, Thrace, Macedonia, and Italy, was as- 

 signed for the habitation and subsistence of three 

 hundred thousand Sarmatians.-f 



The warlike Julian had to encounter and van- 

 quish new swarms of Franks and Allemanni, who, 

 emigrating from their German forests during the 

 cival wars of Constantine, settled in different 

 parts of Gaul, and made the scene of their de- 

 vastations three times more extensive than that 

 of their conquests.^ Destroyed and repulsed on 

 every side, they were pursued in five expeditions 

 into their own country ;§ but Julian had con- 

 quered, as soon as he had penetrated into Ger- 

 many ; and in the midst of that mighty hive, 

 which had sent out such swarms of people as to 

 keep the Roman world in perpetual dread, the 

 principal obstacles to his progress were almost 

 impassable roads and vast unpeopled forests. || 



Though thus subdued and prostrated by the 

 victorious arms of Julian, this hydra-headed 



* Gibbon, vol. iii. c. xviii. p. 125, A. D. 332, 

 f Id. p. 127. 



} Id. c. xix. p. 215, A. D. 356. 



§ Id. p. 228, and vol. iv. c. xxii. p. 17, from A. D. 357 to 

 351). 



|| Id. vol. iv. c. xxii. p. 17, and vol. iii. c. xix. p. 229. 



