xlii BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCH. 



and tlie Cave fauna of England and of the Continent. With 

 this object he visited and examined for himself almost every 

 museum and private collection of any note not only in Eng- 

 land, but in France, Italy, and Germany, and took careful 

 and detailed notes upon the spot of all the more important 

 specimens. The wuiters and spring of 1858, 1859, and 

 1860-61, vrhich he was obliged to sj^end in the south of 

 Europe on account of his health, vrere devoted to a study of 

 the valuable collections in the Museums of Lyons, Mont- 

 pellier, Italy and Sicily ; and in the autumn of 1863, in 

 company with his friend M. Lartet, he visited the various 

 collections of fossil remains of Rhinoceros and Cervus in 

 Chartres and Puy-en-Velay. In 1857 he communicated to 

 the Geological Society two memoirs ' On the Species of Mas- 

 todon and Elephant occurring in the fossil state in England.'' 

 In these essays he attempted to discriminate with precision 

 the Mastodon of the Crag {31. Arvernensis) from M. longirostris 

 and M. angusticlens ; and to prove that three British fossil 

 Elephants, E. primigennis, E. antiquus, and E. meridionalis, 

 had till then been confounded tmder the name of E. primi- 

 genius. So far as materials were available he showed the 

 range of existence geographically and in time of each of 

 these species, and the mammalian fauna with which each 

 was associated. He Hkewise produced a synoptical table 

 showing the serial affinities of all the species of the Probos- 

 cidea, fossil and living, then known, of the former of which a 

 large number had been either discovered or determined by 

 himself. In 1845, at the meeting of the British Association 

 at Cambridge, Dr. Falconer had endeavoured to prove by 

 specimens of crania and teeth, that there was a continuous 

 passage between the Mastodons and Elephants, the fonns 

 included by Cliffc under M. Eleplumtoules constituting the 

 connecting links. This view was further developed in the 

 published plates of the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis ' and in 

 the two memoirs just referred to. He was the first to 

 establish the constancy of the Ternary and Quaternary ridge- 

 formulae in the Mastodons, as a means of ranging aU the 

 known species under the two natural groups of Triloplioclon 

 and TetralopJiodon ; and he extended the same principle of 



' See Tol. ii. pp. 1, 76. 



