14 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



ance, rising in dykes througli the stratified rocks, also 

 diallage rock. I am not aware that granite is found in the 

 outer ridges. It occurs abundantly in the Choor mountain. 

 Its place in the outer ranges is occupied by the greenstone 

 traps and diallage. 



At the foot of the Himalayahs lies the valley of Deyra, 

 stretching from the Jumna to the Ganges, and bounded on 

 the south by the lower or Sewalik hills. It is situated about 

 1,400 ft. above the level of the sea. The plains in front of 

 the Sewalik hiUs are about 1,000 feet above the sea, and 

 stretch up to the foot of the hills with so slight an inclination 

 as to be imperceptible to the eye. The hills rise abruptly 

 from the plains. Their direction is from NW. to SE. par- 

 allel with the great chain of the Himalayahs. Their dip is 

 mainly to the north-east. The strata are inclined at an angle 

 of about 30° more or less, at different points. Within the 

 British territories, they commence at Roopur on the Sutlej 

 in inconsiderable heights. Stretching on towards the south 

 they include the valley of Pinjore, and are here of but low 

 elevation, and continue on to the Jumna but a few hundred 

 feet in height. On the eastern bank of the Jumna they at- 

 tain a greater height, till about half way on to the Ganges, 

 where in the Kheeri pass they rise to an elevation of 2,000 ft. 

 above the plains, or 3,000 above the sea. They fall off to- 

 wards the Ganges, where their height is perhaps about 1,000 

 feet above the plains. On the east bank of the Ganges they 

 are of nearly the same height, and run down a long way to 

 the southward, skirting the flank of the Himalayahs.^ 



Between the Jumna and Ganges, the Sewalik hills are 

 about 8 miles in breadth across their direction. They are 

 intersected by numerous gorges or passes, connecting the 

 plains with the Dhoon valley. The gorges where the Jumna 

 and Ganges emerge into the plains are broad. The other 

 passes which form the beds of torrents during the rains are 

 wide at their mouths towards the plains, and gradually con- 

 tract towards the Dhoon. 



Approaching from the plains, the Sewalik hills are seen to 

 rise with an abrupt, irregular, and deeply indented front. 

 There are no round-backed hills. The crests are sharp ridges 

 descending on the one side in a steep precipitous cliff, and on 

 the other in a smooth and highly inclmed slope. Ridge suc- 

 ceeds ridge in this manner, so as to form, across the line of 

 direction, a series of close-packed serrated peaks, or a succes- 

 sion of pretty regular salient and re-entrant angles. So 

 marked is this featiu-e that in the approach one imagines he 



* Captain Herbert, vol. xvi. Asiatic Eesearches. 



