16 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



great extent. The depth, from a few inches to a foot and a 

 half, thinning off and disappearing within a line of a few 

 yards. It is very often accompanied by thin seams of coal or 

 lignite, varying from a few lines to four inches — rarely more. 

 The beds are very unequally distributed in the different por- 

 tions of the range. In the Kheeri pass, clay is nearly ab- 

 sent, or seen only in very small quantities. In the Kalowala 

 and Timli passes it is seen in more abundance. It is de- 

 scribed as showing itself in a thick bed at Silani, by Lieut. 

 Cautley.i 



The sandstone and conglomerate occupy about three-fourths 

 of the sections across the range, as exhibited in the different 

 passes. 



Lying uppermost, and in strata in eveiy respect con- 

 formable with the sandstone, we meet with the deposits 

 of gravel. The hills of which it is formed exhibit the 

 same appearance as the other parts of the range. The same 

 precipitoiis cliffs are seen towards the plauas, and the same 

 slope towards the Dhoon; but the strata never attain 

 the heio-ht to which the sandstone reaches. Where the 

 gravel is in contact with the uppermost bed of snndstone 

 there is a gradual transition from the one rock to the other, 

 or no very marked contrast in texture between them. The 

 gravel here contains a great abundance of sand, the pebbles 

 are small, seldom above an inch or two in size. The texture 

 of the rock is very loose, and it crumbles under the fingers — 

 lines of stratification are distinctly marked. Progressively as 

 we get on towards the upper beds, the size of the pebbles in- 

 creases, and the quantity of sand decreases, tiU in the upper- 

 most beds, which are still clearly stratified, and inclined at 

 the same angle as the rest of the range — about 30° to 35°, the 

 gravel consists chiefly of large water-worn boulders, about 

 half a foot or more in diameter. The deposit here has ex- 

 actly the characters of the rolled boulders and gravel which 

 form the bottom of the pass, which is itself in the rains the 

 bed of a rapid stream, entirely dried up during the hot 

 weather. The extent of the gravel is about two miles, and 

 the cliffs in some places attain a height of 800 to 1,000 ft. 

 above the beds of the passes. 



Besides the beds of clay, the sandstone and conglomerate 

 contain tabular masses of sandstone of a more compact tex- 

 ture, with the plain of gravitation parallel with that of stra- 

 tification. The lower beds of gravel contain similar masses, 

 biit appearing to belong to the sandstone of the range. 

 Nodules of clay are contained in the sandstone and conglo- 



' Described as foliated orshaly at Silani. Cautley, loc. cit. 



