32 



FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



either loosely mixed or agglutinated by clay and carbonate of 

 lime; of sands of various degrees of consistency ; of marl or 

 clay conglomerate ; ' and of an infinite variety of clays ; the 

 two latter being most extensively developed to the westward 

 of the Jumna. The strata dip from 15 to 35 deg., generally 

 towards the north ; and the breadth of the inclined beds is 

 from six to eight miles. 



The succession of the strata is irregular, with the excep- 

 tion of the shingle in the more northern tracts, where it ap- 

 pears to overlay as well as to alternate with the sandstones ; 

 whereas, although the debris is in considerable abundance in 

 the water-courses, and on the flanks of the hills, I have never 

 met with these shingle-beds south of the most northern half 

 of the hills. A similar remark applies to the marl, but in a 

 contrary direction, as it occurs only to the south. The want 

 of the marl in the northern sections may be accounted for by 

 supposing it to have been either a local deposition or a gene- 

 ral one, which is not exj>osed throughout its entire range. 



Although I consider the whole of this tract of mountain 

 as composed of one formation, it may be of use to divide the 

 portion between the Jumna and Ganges, from that west- 

 ward of the former river, as it appears to me that there is a 

 marked difference (as before stated) in the shingle strata, as 

 well as in the position and number of the clay beds ; although 

 perhaps nothing further than would be exhibited on any ex- 

 tended line of country, formed of debris from different tracts 

 of mountains. The causes which upheaved this district ap- 

 parently acted more energetically in the contracted surface 

 eastward of the Jumna than in that to the westward ; 

 though, in the latter, the surface upheaved is much more 

 extended. I shall therefore divide these notes into two sec- 

 tions ; the first consisting of the tract between the Jumna 

 and Ganges, the second, that westward of the Jumna. To 

 commence, therefore, with the range between the two rivers. 



HILLS BETWEEN THE JTJMlSrA AND GANGES. 



Shingle and Sandstone. — The beds of shingle are of enor- 

 mous thickness, and alternate with the sandstone. The 

 former precisely resemble the shingle in the beds of the 

 existing great rivers of the country, and consist of boulders 

 of granite, gneiss, mica slate, quartz, hornblende schist, and 



• I call this stratum clay-conglomerate, 

 the beds being composed of fragments of 

 an indurated clay, cemented together by 

 clay, sand, and carbonate of lime ; the 

 clay itself effervescing strongly with 



acids. The rock is, in general, exceed- 

 ingly hard and tough, as is shown in 

 those parts where it is in contact with 

 the stream of the rivers, which appear to 

 have had little power upon it. 



