ELEPHANT AND MASTODON. 115 



The enamel is very thick and resembles that of the upper jaw, specimen 



No. 2, also from Ava. 



Inches 



Length of fragment 12- 



Height in front, at commencement of diasteme .... 7'4 

 Height of jaw to inner margin of alveolus behind .... 6-6 

 Diameter of jaw behind at bulge of coronoid . . . .67 



Length of molar 9- 



Greatest width behind 4" 



C. Fi'om the Nerhudda. 



No. 40. Elephas Namadicus. — A superb cranium ofElephas Nama- 

 dicus of enormous size, exhibiting the whole Avidth of the occiput and 

 occipital fossa, the foramen magnum, the temporal fossa on both sides, 

 also both maxillaries with the last molar of each in situ ; also part of 

 both incisives, with the empty sheath of a huge tusk in each, and the 

 inter-incisive fossa ; also the whole length of the palate and a con- 

 siderable portion of the diastema. The frontal region mutilated from 

 the bosses of the vertex on either side on to the incisive border of the 

 nasal opening, involving the loss of the greater part of the parietal and 

 frontal bones and the whole of the nasals which are broken off, together 

 with the zygomatic arches and orbits. A portion of the deeper part of 

 the orbital fossa is shown on the right side, but considerably within the 

 broken oif rim of the orbit. The orbital ala of the sphenoid is also 

 shown together with the spheno-frontal fissure, leading to the optic 

 foramen and the common spheno-orbital and round foramen. The 

 whole of the spheno-palatine region is preserved, but the occipital con- 

 dyles are more or l^s mutilated, and the rim of the foramen magnum 

 injured. A portion of the jugal apophysis of the temporal on both 

 sides remains, but the glenoid surface is removed, with the exception of 

 the inner portion on the right side near the base of the apophyses ; the 

 auditory foramen, broken off externally, is also distinctly visible on the 

 right side. The surface of the sjiecimen, where entire, is black and 

 shining, as if coloured with iron, but it yields a white fracture. It is 

 almost entirely denuded of enveloping matrix, but the incisive sheaths 

 ai'e filled with a hard gritty calcareous sandstone, which also occupies 

 the cancellated cavities of the diploe where shown denuded. The skull 

 had fortunately escaped crushing, and the mutilated part only involves 

 that portion of the frontal region which, from its slight power of resist- 

 ance, would yield first to the effects of exposure to the weather. 



Dimensions. 



Feet Inches 



Extreme length from broken margin of incisives to the pro- 

 jecting part of the occipital boss behind . . . 2 „ 10-75 



Length from anterior border of occipital foramen to com- 

 mencement of diastema 1 ,, 10-25 



Extreme width of the fragmented portion of the skull 



l^ehind 2 „ 11-5 



Width from middle of occipital crest to fragmented border 



of cranium, left side 1 „ 5-25 



Length from base of occiput at posterior margin of foramen 



magnum to commencement of the diastema . . 2 „ I'S 



Length from the protuberance of occipital boss to the inte- 

 rior margin of the nasal opening . . . . 2 „ 1-73 



Height from posterior end of grinding surface of right molar 



near the pterygoid to summit of right occipital boss . 2 „ 6-25 



1 2 



