QUADRUMANA. 30-1 



lower jaw, and containing the last molar, which, agrees ex- 

 actly in size with the corresponding tooth in the figured 

 specimen. This goes to prove the size to hare been constant. 

 The fossil, although corresponding precisely in the space oc- 

 cupied by the four rear molars Avith the Entellus, has less 

 height of jaw. There is further a difference in the teeth. In 

 the Entellus the heel of the rear molar is a simple flattened 

 obliquely surfaced tubercle, rather sharp at the inside. In the 

 fossil, the heel in both fragments is bifid at the inside. The 

 same structure is observable in the heel of the rear molar of 

 the common Indian monkey, P. rhesus. It is therefore pro- 

 bable that the fossil was a Pithecus also. It was considerably 

 larger, however, than the common monkey, and the jaw is 

 more flattened, deeper, and its lower edge much sharper, than 

 in the latter. This difference in size and form indicates the 

 species to have been different. 



It would appear, therefore, that there are three known 

 species of fossil Quadrumana from the Sewalik hills : the first 

 a very large species, discovered by Messrs. Baker and Durand ; 

 the second a large species also, but smaller than the first, 

 and considerably larger than the Entellus ; the third, of the 

 size of the Entellus, and probably a Pithecus ; and further, 

 that two of the three at least, and most probably the third 

 also, belonged to the types of the existing monkeys of the old 

 Continent, in having but five molars, and not to the Sapajous 

 of America. 



There are at present upwards of 150 described species of 

 existing Quadrumana ; and as the three fossil ones all be- 

 longed to the larger sized monkeys, it is probable that there 

 are several more Sewalik species to be discovered. We have 

 some specimens of detached teeth, of large size, which we 

 conjecture to be quadrumanous ; but their detached state 

 make this conjecture extremely doubtful. 



Besides the interest attaching to the first discovery in the 

 fossil state of animals so nearly approaching man in their 

 organization as the Quadrumana, the fact is more especially 

 interesting in the Sewalik species from the fossils with which 

 they are associated. The same beds, or different beds of the 

 same formation, from which the Quadrumana came, have 

 yielded species of the camel and antelope, and the Anoplo- 

 therium posterogenium (Nob.) :^ the first two belonging to 

 genera which are now coexistent with man, and the last to a 

 genus characteristic of the oldest tertiary beds in Europe. 

 The facts yielded by the Reptilian orders are still more in- 

 teresting. Two of the fossil crocodiles of the Sewaliks are 



' Chalicotherium Sivalense, — [Ed,] 



