434 



FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



Fig. 13 a. — Elephas Hysudricus. (Has no connection with fig. 13. 

 Is misnamed E. planifrons on plate). It is tlie last molar, right side, 

 lower jaw. Has a peculiar slew or twist in the wear, in front from the 

 inside out, and behind from the outside inwards. Is an enormous tooth. 

 Shows the anterior fang in section, only one or two plates gone ; 

 enamel very thick and plaited ; mesial expansion. Has ten plates and 

 a heel. — B.M. 



Length of tooth, 11-3 in. ; width in front, 39 in. ; in middle, 4-4 in. Height to 

 alveolar margin, 9' in. Height of jaw to crown of molar behind, 9- in. Greatest 

 thickness of jaw, 6-3 in. 



in. ; ditto at eighth ridge, near apex, 

 2-4 in. ; height at eighth ridge, measured 

 from reflection of enamel plates below, 

 4 '8 in. Number of principal ridges 

 twelve, with a front ridge and heel. 

 This tooth resembles very much in wear 

 Mr. Ewer's specimen, PL si. fig. 1, 

 and H. F.'s specimen, PI. xii. fig. 5. 

 Of the 12 plates composing it, the first 

 eight are touched by wear. The front 

 subordinate ridge is joined on by a neck 

 or reduplication of enamel to the first 

 principal ridge. The enamel is very 

 thick. There is a good deal of crimp- 

 ing in the first three ridges, but no great 

 amount of mesial expansion. The points 

 are few in number, there being only six 

 which are worn into round rings to the 

 seventh ridge. A comparison of this tooth 

 with the last upper molar of Elephas 

 HysHch-icus is as follows : 



E. planifrons E. Hysudricus 

 Inches Inches 



Extreme length of 



last upper molar ll'O • ll'O 

 Width in front at 



2nd ridge . 37 . 3-4 



Width at 8th ridge 2-4 . 3-3 



Height at 8th ridge 4-8 . 5-4 



2. — A superb specimen of the lower 

 jaw in H. F.'s collection. The specimen 

 has the left molar entire ; of the right, 

 only the first eight ridges remain ; all the 

 ridges on to the heel are worn. Enamel 

 very thick with beautifully marked me- 

 sial expansion, forming a sharp loop. 

 The back loop of one plate nearly in 

 contact with the front lamina of the next 

 ridge ! Is a most beautiful and charac- 

 teristic specimen. The beak, although 

 broken, projects sufficiently to prevent 

 the ramus from resting on its lower sur- 

 face. The diastemal ridges are not 

 raised as in E. antiquus (E. meridionaUs 

 in note of date about 1846, see note, 

 p. 443), but form a broad flat beak (not 



sharp and narrow, as in E. insignis) 

 which projects downwards as in the 

 African Elephant, although it is more 

 abruptly bent down, shorter and flatter, 

 something as in E. primigenius. In this 

 respect the specimen is more perfect 

 than PL xi. fig. 2. The molars are 

 nearly parallel in front, and diverge 

 afterwards. There are three outer men- 

 tary foramina, and one on the inside. 

 The backmost foramen begins below the 

 front fang of the molar ; the two others 

 are on the same sloping line in front. 



Extreme length, 21-6 in. Height to 

 alveolus, 7"5 in. Greatest width, 7'7 in. 

 Interval between teeth in front, 3-8 in. 

 Width of diasteme, just below the be- 

 ginning of the symphysis, 3'5 in. 

 Length of the left molar, irO in. ; width 

 at third ridge, 2'9 in. ; greatest width in 

 the middle, 3'3 in. ; height of 8th plate, 

 3'0 in. ; number of plates, 13 and a heel. 



3. — Specimen of the entire last lower 

 molar, right side, contained in amutilated 

 lower jaw. This magnificent specimen 

 shows the entire length of the tooth, and 

 a small portion of the penultimate in 

 front of it. The seven anterior ridges 

 are touched by wear. The enamel is 

 very thick with a mesial expansion and 

 somewhat crimped. The sixth ridge 

 shows six annular discs ; the seventh 

 only five points. The tooth is very 

 broad ; much cement ; the last plate or 

 heel is an oblique splent of only three 

 or four irregularly placed points. The 

 fang projects behind it. The tooth in 

 its direction curves much outwards, and 

 is very nearly of the same width from 

 back to front. 



Extreme length of last molar, ir8 in. 

 Extreme width at sixth ridge, 3'9 in. 

 Height at eleventh plate, 4-6 in. Number 

 of principal ridges 14, and a small heel 

 of three points. 



