DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 439 



shows a longitudinal vertical section of the tooth. Presented by C. 

 Frazer, Esq., to India House. — B.M. 



Length, 7-9 in. Width behind, 2-5 in. "Width in front, 4-2 in. Height anteriorly, 

 2" in. Height posteriorly, 8'4 in. 



Figs. 2 and 2 a. — JElephas Namadicus. Palate with sixth or last 

 molar on both sides. Presented by C. Frazer, Esq. — B.M. 



Length of fragment of grinding surface of molar of right side, 7'3 in. Greatest 

 breadth posteriorly, 3- in. Length of fragment of left side, 6-9 in. Widtli posteriorly 

 at first plate, 2-6 in. Width at fifth plate, 3-8 in. Width of palate posteriorly, 5-3 in. 

 Width of palate anteriorly, 4-9 in. . 



Figs. 3 and 3 a. — Elephas Namadicus. Fragment of upper true molar 

 with six plates ; enamel crimped. 



Length of fragment, 4-2 in. Width at second plate, 2-9 in. Width of posterior 

 plate, 2- in. Greatest height, 6-1 in. 



Plate XIII. A. 

 Lower Jaws of Elephants viewed from above. 



Fig. 1. — Elephas primigenius. Old. One mentary foramen inside 

 and three outside. Right true molar has thirteen plates, and measures 

 9'4 in. in length, and 3'6 in. in width. 



Fig. 2. — E. primigenius. Young. Contains the antepenultimate or 

 first true molar on either side with twelve ridges, and a small heel and 

 front ridge, all of which, except the posterior talon, are affected by wear. 

 The plates are very fine. The tooth is not so broad relatively to the 

 length as in other specimens. The discs of wear form closely com- 

 pressed transverse bands, with attenuated plates of enamel. Some of 

 these plates differ from the ordinary type of the Mammoth in exhibiting 

 a certain amount of irregular crimping, but in no degree approaching 

 that seen in the Indian Elephant, this character concurring with a less 

 than ordinary widtli of crown. The penultimate true molar is seen in 

 germ behind. There is one inner mentary foramen on either side. 

 A Rhine specimen from Dr. Kaup. 



Extreme length of jaw, 16-8 in. Extreme expansion behind, 16' in. Height to 

 broken condyle, 12-5 in. Height to alveolus, 4'7 in. Thickness of jaw at middle, 

 4'8 in. Length of molar, 5'4 in. Width, 2-2 in. 



Fig. 3. — E. ptrimigenius. English fossil specimen, with two last 

 true molars on either side. In the last left molar there are eighteen 

 plates in 7"7 inches. The jaw has a short beak, and one inner mentary 

 foramen on either side. In this, as in figs. 1 and 2, representing the 

 jaw at different ages, it is to be noted that the opposite lines of molars 

 are more or less convergent instead of being parallel, or nearly so, as 

 laid down by Cuvier. — B.M. 



Extreme length of jaw, 23-6 in. Divergence of rami behind, 21-3 in. Height at 

 alveolus, 7'2 in. Greatest width of jaw, 6-3 in. Breadth of condyle, 10-3 in. Width 

 of last molar, 2- 8 in. ' 



Fig. 4. — Elephas antiquus.^ Lower jaw with penultimate and last true 

 molars on either side. The last molar is very perfect and has seventeen 

 plates, of which the nine anterior ones only are worn. Only six plates of 



* Another lower jaw of E. primigenius, 

 not figured, from Siberia, contains the 

 last molar only, very much worn. It 

 has thirteen plates in 8'9 in., is very 

 narrow, and has hardly any crimping. 

 It has one large outer mentary foramen 



in front and one inside. It is very 

 circular in outline in front. 



Extreme length, 22 5 in. Height to 

 condyle, 18'7 in. 



^ Misnamed ' E. meridionalis ' in Plate. 

 See notes pages 438 and 443. 



