462 



FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS. 



true molar, upper jaw, left side, entire, detached, and beautifully pre- 

 served. It has six ridges and a small hind talon. The tooth is nearly 

 oblong. The enamel is somewhat fluted, and there is very little 

 cement. There is very little convexity of the tooth across, and no 

 distinct indication of the mesial dividing line. There are as many as 

 eleven to twelve denticles or points. The tooth is compressed and 

 angular in front, and the three front ridges are worn. This tooth is 

 also represented by fig. 6 of Plate XXXIX. of Mr. Clifli's Memoir 

 (Geol. Trans., vol. ii., 2nd series). It is there described as Mastodon 

 Elephanto'ides, under which title Mr. Clift included specimens referred 

 by Dr. Falconer to two distinct forms. ^ Its elephantine affinities are 

 indicated by the absence of a longitudinal line of division along the 

 crown, and by the great number of points that enter into the composi- 

 tion of the ridges. — Cast in B.M. 



Length, 6-1 in. Widtli in front, 3- in. Width behind, 3-3 in. 



Figs. 3 and 3 a. — Elephas Cliftii. Superb palate specimen contain- 

 ing the penultimate true molar in situ on both sides. The tooth is 

 proved to be the penultimate by its large dimensions, and by the cir- 

 cumstance that two or three ridges of another tooth (third true molar) 

 is seen behind it.^ The crown ridges are all more or less worn and 

 partly damaged by fracture, but enough remains to show that the tooth 

 was composed of six ridges and a hind talon. The palate is very flat, 

 and the teeth on either side (in the erect position of the skull) slope 

 upwards from without inwards. The teeth have very little cement. 

 The diastemal ridges are wide apart. The right ridge shows the tusk- 

 sheath; there is very little verticality of the tusk. The slope of grind- 

 ing surface from without inwards is a mastodontoid character, which is 

 very notably seen in Mr. W. Ewer's specimen of M. Sivalensis (Plate 

 XXXIV. fig. 1). In the Elephas insignis the tendency of the grinding 

 surface is to shelve upwards from the inside outwards, being the reverse 

 of what holds in E. Cliftii.'^ This very important specimen is from 

 Burmah, and is now in the Museum of the Geological Society. It is also 

 represented by Clift in Plate XXXVI. of his Memoir in the Geological 

 Transactions, vol. ii., 2nd series. The remaining portion of the upper 

 jaw containing the last true molar is believed to be in the Museum of 

 the Asiatic Society of Bengal (See aiitea, p. 114). 



Extreme'length of specimen, 19'in. Width of jaw at middle of molar, 8' in., doubled 

 = 16' in. Length of anterior molar, 82 in. Width, 4' in. Width of palate in 

 front, 2-5 in. Width of palate between diastemal ridges, 4'8 in. 



Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b. — Elephas Cliftii. A fragment of the penulti- 

 mate molar, upper jaw, right side, with five ridges, shown also in 

 section (fig. 4 h). Made out approximately to be E. Cliftii. Cement 

 in moderate quantity. — B.M. 



Length, 6-6 in. Width, 3-8 in. 



Figs. 5 and 5 a. — E. Cliftii. Last true molar, lower jaw, left side, 

 consisting of eight ridges and a talon. Five ridges are touched by 

 wear, and the two anterior ridges are nearly worn out. The anterior 

 large fang has been absorbed, but the portion of crown sustained by it 



' See note 1, page 461. 

 ^ See note 2, page 461. 

 ' In Col. Farquhar's specimen of the 

 Indian Elephant, the plane of wear in the 



upper molars is as markedly from the 

 inside outwards and upwards, as it is the 

 reverse from outside inwards in Masto- 

 don Sivalensis. 



