50 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL MASTODONS. 



First, in the ' Fluvio-inarine ' or ' Norwich Crag.' Un- 

 doubted remains of this species have been discovered in this 

 deposit : at WhitlinghambyMr. William Smith ; at Horstead, 

 by Messrs. Layton, S. Woodward, and Gunn ; at Postwick, 

 Thorpe, and Norwich, by Messrs. Fitch and Wigham ; at 

 Bramerton, by Mr. S. Woodward and Capt. Alexander ; and 

 in Suffolk, at Easton and Sizewell Gap, by Capt. Alexander. 

 The entire skeleton, of which so circumstantial an account 

 has been given by the Rev. Mr. Layton, is stated to have 

 been found on the surface of a bed of marl, 'between the 

 chalk and gravel,' at Horstead, without indicating the precise 

 relation of the bed to the Crag and the superincumbent 

 blue clay or submerged forest-bed. I have examined the 

 most of these specimens, either in original or as casts, at 

 the Museums in Norwich and London, and found them all 

 referable to the species, as here limited. 



Various statements have been made by different writers 

 regarding the fossil Mammalia associated in the Fluvio- 

 marine Crag, with the Mastodon or without it. Mr. William 

 Smith's celebrated Whitlingham specimen is said to have 

 been found along with the horns of Deer and Crag-shells. 1 

 Mr. R. C. Taylor 2 mentions that the Crag of Bramerton has 

 yielded ' the Mastodon, the Elephant, the Gigantic Elk, and 

 the Enormous-horned Bison.' Mr. Charlesworth 3 states, 

 that bones of Elephant and other herbivorous animals are 

 more frequently associated with shells in the Mammaliferous 

 than in the Red Crag, but he does not mention what the 

 species are. Sir Charles Lyell, 4 in his memoir on the 

 ' Relative Ages of the Norfolk and Suffolk Crag,' states that 

 the Fluvio-marine Crag, near Southwold, has yielded the 

 remains of the Elephant, Rhinoceros, Horse, and Deer, 

 mixed with marine, terrestrial, and freshwater shells ; and 

 that in the inland pits near the same place he found mamma- 

 lian remains associated with the Cyrena trigonula of Grays 

 and elsewhere. He mentions, that ' the horns of Stags, 

 bones and teeth of Horse, Pig, Elephant, and other quadru- 

 peds,' associated with Mastodon, had been obtained at Post- 

 wick, Thorpe, Bramerton, and other localities near Norwich. 

 The tusk of an Elephant was obtained at Bramerton, covered 

 with Serpulce, showing that it had lain for some time at the 

 bottom of the sea of the Norwich Crag. 5 



Professor Owen in the conspectus of genera and species 

 contained in the introduction to his 'British Fossil Mammalia,' 



p. 89. 



4 Geol. Proc. toI. iii. p. 127; and 

 Mag. Nat. Hist, new ser. toI. iii. p. 316. 



5 Op. cit.ip. 128. 



