110 BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



peasants were formerly in the habit of rising them pro- 

 miscuously with boulders in constructing the stone- walls sur- 

 rounding their fields. The osteological materials available 

 for the determination of the Val d'Arno Elephant, which exist 

 in the Florentine Museum, are therefore as abundant, and 

 nearly as complete, as those of the Mammoth at Moscow. 



a. Upper Milk Molars. — The beautiful specimen comprising 

 both maxillaries shows the two front or antepenultimate and 

 penultimate milk molars in place on both sides, the alveolar 

 part of the third being wanting. The antepenultimate, on the 

 right side, is perfectly entire in its contour, but well worn. 

 The general form is a broad oval, narrowest in front and 

 broadest in the middle. It presents three principal ridges, 

 with a front and back talon. The discs of wear are very 

 wide (antero-posteriorly) , with thick enamel-plates, exactly 

 like fig. 4 of Plate EK. of Cuvier's ' Ossemens Fossiles.' The 

 dimensions of this tooth are "95 inch in length by *75 inch in 

 width at the second ridge where broadest. 



The penultimate upper milk molar of the same specimen 

 is fully formed and consolidated. It presents a broad oblong 

 crown, narrow in front, but wide behind, composed of six 

 principal ridges, with a front and back talon. The anterior 

 talon and three first ridges are touched by wear, the other 

 three being intact. The ridges are wide apart, and the discs 

 of wear show thick enamel-plates. The enamel-surface, 

 where denuded of ceinent, is very rugose from deep and in- 

 tricate grooving, as is seen in specimens from the Crag. The 

 tooth bears no mark of pressure behind from an impelling 

 last milk molar. The dimensions are : length of crown, 

 2-5 in. by 1-1 in. of width at first ridge, and 1-6 in. at the fifth 

 ridge where broadest. The height of the crown at the fifth 

 ridge is also 1-6 in., the tooth thus presenting at a very early 

 age one of the distinctive marks of the species, namely, a 

 proportionally broad crown, with a low elevation to the ridges. 



The original of fig. 4. of Plate IX. of the ' Ossemens Fos- 

 siles ' is also a penultimate upper milk molar, of which a part 

 is worn away. What remains presents five ridges and a hind 

 talon well worn. The ridges are wide apart, with thick 

 enamel plates. 



The last (third) upper milk molar is seen in a detached 

 specimen in the Florentine Museum (marked No. 98), the 

 cement of which is covered with dendritic crystallizations of 

 manganese. It is well worn, but quite entire, showing the 

 anterior talon and the disc of pressure against the preceding 

 tooth. The crown presents eight ridges, besides a front and 

 back talon. All of them are more or less touched by wear, 

 but none confluent, except the first with its adjoining talon. 



