1-23 BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



dible of No. 8, the distance from the posterior surface of the 

 symphysis to the apex of the beak-apophysis measures 6^ 

 inches. 



5. Viewed sidewise, when the lower jaw of the last speci- 

 men is placed so as to rest on the posterior part of the ramus 

 and on the symphysis (exclusive of the beak), the inferior 

 margin presents a well-marked concave arc, and the beak is 

 produced forwards and downwards, for a considerable extent 

 below the plane upon which the symphysis rests. It attenu- 

 ates to a fine emarginate point. This concavity of the lower 

 border and the gradual slope of the diastemal ridges into the 

 beak are well seen in the young lower jaw which yielded the 

 description of the earliest milk molars. The latter character 

 is also finely exhibited by a superb British specimen from 

 the Elephant-bed at Happisburgh, in the Rev. John Gunn's 

 rich collection at Irstead ; and in the Val d'Arno specimen in 

 Dr. Buckland's collection, represented by figs. 10 and 10 a 

 of PL XIY. B. of the ' Fauna Antiqua,' in which, although 

 mutilated, the long symphysis and gradual inclination of the 

 diasteme are well marked. There is no good published figure 

 of the lower jaw of this species which can be referred to for 

 a visual appreciation of these differences. But an approxi- 

 mate idea may be had by comparing the outline of figs. 1, 2, 

 and 3 of PL XIII. A. and XIII. B. of the ' Fauna Antiqua 

 Sivalensis,' representing different ages of E. ^rimigeniiis, 

 with that of fig. 7, representing the lower jaw of E. Rysu- 

 dricus, which is allied in form to E. meridionalis ; or fig. 4 

 of PL Y. in the ' Ossemens Fossiles ' of the Mammoth, with 

 fig. 8 of PL IX., a Eomagnano specimen of E. meridionalis. 

 A very characteristic representation of the lower jaw of an 

 old Mammoth, by Scharf, is given in Buckland's Appendix 

 to the 'Voyage of the Blossom,' fig. 1 of PL I., above 

 referred to. 



k. Summary of the Characters. — On a review of the cha- 

 racters detailed hi the preceding descriptions, it follows that 

 in all the points connected with the form of the cranium, 

 teeth, and lower jaw, upon which the great French anatomist 

 rested his distinctions among the Elephants, recent or fossil, 

 E. (Loxod.) meridionalis differs essentially from the Mammoth, 

 strictly so called. They have only two characters in common, 

 namely— 1st, the great width of the crowns of the molars ; 

 2nd, the long alveoli of the tusks. But in the former species 

 the height of the molar crowns is low ; the ridges are cunei- 

 form in their vertical section and limited in number, with 

 thick enamel ; and the incisive alveoli are divergent, with 

 simply curved tusks ; in the latter the height of the molar 

 crowns is excessive, the ridges very numerous, attenuated, 





