E. (LOXODON) MERIDIONALIS. 131 



The dimensions are : — 



Extreme length of crown, 11-25 in. Width of crown in front, 3-3 in. Width at 

 fifth ridge, where the crown is broadest, 3'8 in. Extreme height of ridges, where 

 the crown is broadest, 4-8 in. Width of ninth ridge, 3-5 in. Height of ninth 

 ridge, 4'6 in. 



From these dimensions it is apparent that, in a length of Ill- 

 inches, there are eleven ridges, with talons, and the seven 

 ridges from the fourth to the tenth inclusive, measured along 

 the inner wall of the crown, yield a length of fully 7 inches, 

 being an average of one plate to an inch, and fully equal to 

 the expansion of the ridges in the African Elephant or in E. 

 (Loxodori) planifrons. The terminal divisions of the ridges 

 form stout irregular cylinders, as thick as the little finger, 

 while in the Mammoth they are more slender and quill- 

 shaped. The digital lobes of the ridges in E. meridionalis are 

 so massive and distinct that they have occasionally been 

 figured and described as being of Mastodon. The specimen 

 now in the Norwich Museum, composed of two ridges, from 

 the Crag of Bramerton, described by Woodward, 1 is of this 

 nature. The enamel is very thick. I have in no case at- 

 tempted to express this in figures, as the plates are so ragged 

 and unequal that any linear measurement would be decep- 

 tive ; but it is very obvious to the eye ; and when the teeth 

 are sawn up and polished, their distinctness is strongly 

 marked. The surface of the enamel in this specimen is ex- 

 cessively rugous from transverse, wavy, parallel wrinkles, as 

 in the Italian specimens. (See Plate VIII. fig. 1.) 



A Val dArno lower molar of the same age, from Dr. Buck- 

 land's collection in the Oxford Museum, is represented, crown 

 side, by figs. 17 and 17 a of the same plate. The dimensions 

 of this specimen are: — 



Length of crown, 10 in. Width of crown, 3-4 in. Height of crown, 5 in. 



It presents eleven principal ridges, with front and back 

 talons. The English and Italian specimens agree so entirely 

 in their general aspect and relative proportions, that it suf- 

 fices to compare the figures to be convinced that they belong 

 to the same species, the only difference being that the latter 

 has the ridges divided into a greater number of digital ter- 

 minations — a circumstance of trivial importance, and liable 

 to much variation. (See Plate VIII. figs. 2 & 3.) 



If, on the other hand, the last lower molar of E. primi- 

 genius be compared with the ' Crag ' specimen, it will be found 

 to comprise, in a length of 13 inches, from twenty-four to 

 twenty-seven closely packed ridges, with all the dental mate- 

 rials attenuated, the enamel especially thin ; so that when 



1 Mag. of Nat. History, 1836, vol. ix. p. 154, figs. 2, 3, a and b. 



k 2 



