E. (LOXODON) MERIDIONALIS. 141 



of the symphysis is present ; but the beak has been made np 

 artificially anduncouthly with plaster, and painted to simulate 

 the natural fossil. The last true molar is present on either 

 side, much worn, the anterior portion having been ground 

 away. There are ten discs of wear, presenting the usual 

 character of the species, the enamel-plates very thick and 

 uncrimped. The tips of the posterior ridges form well- 

 separated rings, and the digitations are seen to be massive. 

 The diastemal ridges incline with an easy slope ; the outer 

 surface of the jaw bulges out a good deal ; the height of the 

 ramus in front, as in the Irstead specimen, does not much 

 exceed the height behind under the coronoid process. This 

 valuable specimen was discovered in the cliff, near Mundesley, 

 in 1852, and presented by R. Barclay, Esq., to the Norwich 

 Museum. It is not stated out of what stratum it came, i.e. 

 whether from the ' Elephant-bed,' properly so called, or from 

 the ' Laminated blue clay ' above it. It is much to be 

 desired that figures of these two instructive specimens should 

 be published. Some of the dimensions of the Norwich jaw 

 are as follows : — 



Length of crown of left molar (last), 8 - l in. Width of crown at second remain- 

 ing ridge, 3 - in. Width of crown at sixth remaining ridge, 2'9 in. Length of 

 crown occupied by six ridges, being an average of - 77 in. to each, 4 - 6 in. 



d. Bones of the Trunk and Extremities. — My remarks upon 

 the other bones of the skeleton will be very limited, for 

 several reasons. In the lacustrine and clay-deposits of the 

 Norfolk coast, and upon the ' Oyster-bed ' of Happisburgh 

 and Mundesley, the bones and teeth of at least two of the 

 fossil Elephants, namely, E. (Loxodon) meridionalis and E. 

 (Euelephas) antiquus, occur intermixed in vast abundance. 

 In consequence of the prevalent belief that they were all of 

 one species, namely, the Mammoth, little attention has been 

 paid to the discrimination of the precise beds and divisions 

 of the section out of which they come, and whether from 

 above or below the ' Boulder clay.' In no instance have the 

 bones of an entire skeleton been found together, and there 

 are no well-determined standard examples for comparison. 

 The identification of the species to which the bones belonged 

 can therefore at present be little more than approximative. 

 It will suffice to mention the principal pieces that have come 

 under my observation from localities in which E. meridionalis 

 pre vails. 



In Mr. Gunn's collection at Irstead, there is an entire left 

 ' os innominatum ' of enormous dimensions. 



[The left side of the pelvis is nearly complete, and has the greater 

 part of the sacrum attached to it in the relative natural position. The 

 ilium is perfectly entire, from the tuberosity all along the crest back to 



