162 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



empty sockets of the penultimate in front and of the first 

 true molar behind. 



The dimensions of the last milk molar, left side, are : — 



Length of crown, 3-9 in. Width in front, 1-2 in. Greatest -width behind, 1*7 in. 



The crown is composed of twelve ridges, with talons closely 

 approximated. The original of this specimen is reputed to 

 have been found in the superficial deposits of the valley of 

 the Rhine. 



Another example of the last milk molar of the lower jaw, 

 detached, may be cited in the specimen m the collection of 

 the British Museum, No. 21,315, from Ilford, Essex. The 

 crown is composed of twelve principal ridges, with talons, the 

 anterior six being worn and the rest intact ; the ridges are 

 closely approximated, and the discs of wear form parallel 

 transverse bands, with no tendency to expansion in the 

 middle, and with the plates of enamel attenuated and free 

 from crimping. 



The dimensions are : — 



Length of crown, 3 - 7 in. Width of crown in front, l'l in. Greatest width 

 behind, l'S in. Height at the seventh ridge, 2-3 in. 



Numerous other examples might be cited; but these two 

 suffice to indicate the ordinary characters of the tooth. 



The third milk molars in the Mammoth, upper and lower, 

 are distinguishable with facility from those of E. (Loxod.) 

 meridionalis and from E. (Eueleph.) antiquus by the duodenary 

 cipher regulating the crown-ridges, and by the tenuity of the 

 enamel-plates ; but the antepenultimate and penultimate are 

 muck less easily discriminated. 



1 [In the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge is a superb fragment 

 of the right ramus of the lower jaw of E. primigenius, containing the 

 last milk molar in situ, quite perfect. The crown exhibits the normal 

 number of twelve collines, of which four only are worn. 



In the Museum at Turin, mixed up with specimens of molars from 

 St. Paolo, I found an entire lower milk -molar of E. primigenius. It 

 bears a loose label as being Piedmontese, and is probably the specimen 

 referred to by Sir Charles Lyell as a doubtful case of an Italian E. 

 primigenius. The loose label possibly belongs to another specimen ; 

 and the specimen is in exactly the same mineral condition as another 

 specimen found in the same collection from Fasderburg (see p. 173), 

 which differs from that of the ordinary character of the Piedmontese 

 specimens ; and as the latter is avowedly German, it is probable that 

 the same is the case with the former. So far as the certain evidence 

 goes, I have seen no proof hitherto that E. primigenius has been met 

 with anywhere fossil in Italy 2 — so far, at least, as is shown by the col- 



1 The paragraphs in small type within 

 brackets are extracted from entries made 

 in Dr. Falconer's Note-books. — [Ed.] 



2 Subsequently Dr. F. found satisfac- 

 tory evidence of the existence of E. pri- 

 migenius in Italy (see pp. 170, 173, and 

 241).— [Ed.] 



