166 BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



fifth, sixth, and seventh discs are transverse, narrow, and somewhat un- 

 dulated from secondary flexures, but with no primary undulations or 

 crimping of the enamel. The remaining ridges, on to the twelfth, are 

 but slightly affected by wear, while the last three are intact. The 

 ridges are compressed and closely compacted together, with thin plates 

 of enamel and narrow cement at intervals. The crown as a whole 

 agrees very closely in character with the Cromer specimen, No. 3. The 

 cement is partly abraded from the sides ; the specimen is uniformly 

 tinted of a ferruginous colour. The ivory burns black, yielding a 

 distinct smell of ammonia, and proving the presence of gelatine. The 

 fangs are all broken off, but the specimen yields no indication of having 

 been rolled. 



The dimensions are : — 



Length of crown, 6'4 in. Width in front, 27 in. Width in middle, 2-5 in. 

 Width behind, 2-4 in. Height of crown at twelfth ridge, 5-4 in. Length of space 

 occupied by eight of the anterior discs, 3 - 4 in. 



I regard this as a characteristic specimen of E. primigenius. 



P.S. The crown of Mr. Prestwich's specimen is worn down low in 

 the front near to the fang ; and on looking closely at the anterior end, 

 a smooth, highly polished, depressed surface is distinctly seen, being 

 the remains of the disc of pressure against the molar which preceded 

 it, proving beyond"*question that the tooth is entire at this end, and 

 that the portion supported by the anterior fang is present, the fang 

 only being broken off or absorbed. This further proves the tooth to 

 be the penultimate, and not the last true molar.] 



De Blainville remarks that the peiraltiinate upper (or fifth 

 in the order of succession) in the Mammoth is rare in the 

 French collections. He was unable to include a figure of it 

 in the rich series of representations contained in the ' Osteo- 

 graphie.' In the descriptive details of the dentition (p. 189) 

 he cites, as a fine illustration of it, a specimen from Warsaw, 

 on the Vistula, having a crown still composed of eighteen or 

 nineteen ridges, although the most advanced of these are worn 

 out ; and he states that the tooth was remarkable for its large 

 size. These circumstances throw great doubt upon the nu- 

 merical rank assigned to it, which is strengthened by the fact 

 that, in the references to the plates (p. 357), De Blainville 

 mentions that he had no illustration of the penultimate except 

 a bad cast, and that it was therefore omitted. The Warsaw 

 specimen is probably a last true molar. Perfect specimens 

 of this tooth, furnishing the ridge-formula of the crown com- 

 plete, are also rare, so far as my observation goes, in English 

 collections, although mutilated specimens are as common as 

 those of the other teeth. The illustrations which I adduce 

 are chiefly taken from foreign specimens in the most perfect 

 preservation. The first is a very fine molar, in the Museum 

 of Darmstadt, which I was enabled to examine by the kind 

 permission of Dr. Kaup. It is a detached penultimate upper 



