e. (euelephas) primigenius. 



K9 



in size in different individuals ; but the largest specimens 

 have not necessarily the greatest number of ridges, the 

 reverse being frequently seen. The tooth in outline resembles 

 that of the Indian Elephant, being triangular, very high in 

 front and low behind, where the last ridges gradually fall off 

 into an angular termination ; while in the antepenultimate 

 and penultimate they are usually sufficiently high behind to 

 communicate somewhat of a rhomb-shaped form to the crowr s 

 in their vertical contour. Examples of this tooth are com- 

 mon in all great collections. A very fine illustration from 

 the Ohio is presented by the Hunterian specimen, a right 

 upper (ISTo. 615, Cat. Eoss. Mam. Coll. Surgeons), presented 

 by Dr. Caspar Wister, which yields all the typical characters 

 of the true Mammoth. The crown is broad in front, narrow 

 behind, and composed of twenty-six ridges, of which the an- 

 terior seventeen are ground down by wear. The discs of wear 

 form narrow transverse bands, closely compressed, with thin 

 unplaited machserides of enamel. The dimensions are : — 



Length of crown, 12'0 in. Width of crown in front, at third ridge, 3 - 3 in. Greatest 

 width of crown, at eighth ridge, 4-0 in. Height of crown at seventeenth ridge, 5'3 

 in. Length of seventeen worn ridges at summit, 8 - 2 in. 



Another fine example of this tooth, minus the fangs, is 

 furnished by a specimen formerly in the collection of Dr. 

 Mantell, and now in the Jermyn Street Museum of Practical 

 Geology. It is a last upper molar of the right side, bearing 

 a label of ' Sea-shore'; the crown is composed of twenty-seven 

 divisions, including the posterior talon, a small portion at 

 the anterior end being wanting, probably not more than the 

 anterior talon or a single ridge. The vertical outline is 

 triangular in a very pronounced degree, high in front, and 

 low, terminating in an angle behind. Eighteen ridges are 

 worn into narrow parallel transverse discs, free from median 

 expansion, and showing very attenuated enamel-plates de- 

 void of crimping. The posterior talon forms a narrow rudi- 

 mentary splent. The specimen is heavy, and tinged of a 

 reddish colour, like those dredged from the sea. The fresh 

 fracture is very adherent to the tongue. 



1 [In Mr. Prestwich's collection from railway cuttings at Bedford, 

 there is a very odd-looking specimen of the last true molar, upper jaw, 

 right side, of a dwarf-sized E. ■primigenius. It comprises about twenty 

 plates, of which nine are worn. 



In the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge there is a superb 

 specimen of the last true molar, upper jaw, right side, of E. primigenius, 

 of very large size, and which bears all the marks of having died in 

 captivity, in the service of man, of the flint-knife period. The anterior 



1 The paragraphs in small type within 

 brackets have been compiled from entries 

 in Dr. Falconer's Note-books, made sub- 



sequently to the date at which the me- 

 moir was written. — [Ed.] 



