170 BRITISH AND EUEOPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



part supported on the front fang is worn out, but there are about twenty- 

 four collines, eighteen of which are more or less worn ; the hiud part, 

 comprising about five ridges, is very much contorted and pushed on one 

 side, like the specimen figured in Owen's ' British Fossil Mammalia.' 1 



In the same collection there is a fragment of an upper maxillary, con- 

 taining a last true molar in situ of E. primi genius, which bears all the 

 marks of having come out of the lochs of America, or a peat-bog in 

 England. It is of the leit side, and there is no indication of the animal 

 having died in captivity. 



The Woodwardian Museum also contains a superb specimen of the 

 last true molar, upper jaw, left side, of the pre-glacial variety of Ele- 

 pkas pi imigenius, from the Norwich Coast. Dimensions: — 



Extreme length of crown, 11-5 in. Width in front, 31 in. Greatest width, 4-1 

 in. Extreme height of crown, 7'0 in. 



The summit of the crown presents about eighteen discs of wear, of 

 which the most anterior have been ground down to a common base of 

 ivory ; the space occupied by fourteen of these ridges is 7^ inches. 

 The enamel is slightly thick, but the plates are transverse and perfectly 

 free from any appearance of crimping. The characters of this speci- 

 men diverge widely from the ordinary form of E. primigenius in the 

 direction of the Indian Elephant, but still maintain all the distinctive 

 marks of true Elephas primigenius. The matrix is indisputably of the 

 forest-bed of the Norfolk Coast, showing in the fangs a greenish gritty 

 sand, full of sulphur, derived from the iron-pyrites so prevalent in the 

 forest-bed. 



Many other specimens of the last upper molar of E. primigenius are 

 preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, and have been derived from 

 various localities, such as Chesterton, and the valley of the Danube near 

 Eatisbon. One fragment, comprising twelve or thirteen ridges, of 

 which six are worn, is of the true post-glacial character, and bears all 

 the marks of a gravel-matrix. 



In May 1859 I carefully examined, for the second time, the only 

 specimen of a detached upper molar of the true E. primigenius in the 

 Florence collection. It consists of the last true molar, upper jaw, right 

 side, the posterior portion with fourteen plates, and a disc common to 

 two or three plates in front. All the plates except the last four are 

 worn. .The specimen has the cement of a reddish or chestnut colour, 

 part of it dislaminated. The enamel is pearly looking. The ivory of 

 the broken fangs is discoloured, like Siberian specimens, but is fresh- 

 looking. This specimen is undoubtedly of the Mammoth, but in 

 mineral condition and colour it differs entirely from the femur in the 

 same collection (see p. 144) ; and I suspect strongly that it is not of 

 the Val d'Arno. There is no exact knowledge of its origin. 



In the Roman Museum (Sapienza) I found a fragment, comprising 

 the anterior half of the last upper molar, right side, of E. primigenius, 

 in the state of germ. The anterior angle is slightly touched by wear, 

 but shows no characters. It comprises about twelve plates, very 

 straight, high, and compressed. 



Extreme length of fragment, 7 - 2 in. Height of ditto in front, 86 in. Height 

 of ditto at eleventh ridge, 8'0 in. Width at eleventh ridge, 3-8 in. 



1 Fig. 90.— This specimen is referred to again by Dr. Falconer at p. 281. — [Ed.] 



