E. (EUELEPHAS) PRIMIGENIUS. 173 



ment of left lower jaw of E. primigenius, containing one perfect molar 

 in situ : — 



Length of crown, 7'2 in. Width in front, 1'9 in. Width behind, not well shown, 

 2-7 in. 



It shows distinctly sixteen principal ridges, with front and back 

 talons ; the first six ridges worn, the rest intact. This is probably a 

 small kind of E. primigenius. It is evidently that species, but the tooth 

 is excessively small for a penultimate. Attached to the outer surface 

 are part of a second milk molar, and third milk molar of E. primige- 

 nius. The specimen is vastly broader behind than in front. 



In Kaup's Museum at Darmstadt there is a fine specimen of the 

 entire lower jaw of E. primigenius, containing the penultimate true 

 molars on either side entire, but well worn. The sixth tooth is seen 

 behind it in germ. The crown of the penultimate presents sixteen 

 ridges and talons : — 



Length of crown, 6'6 in. Width in front, 2-1 in. Width at middle, 2-8 in. 

 Width behind, 2-4 in. 



The jaw is considerably larger than the jaw containing the antepenulti- 

 mate true molar already referred to (p. 172). 



In the Museum at Zurich I examined a fine entire molar, probably 

 penultimate, from lower jaw, left side. It is supposed to have been 

 obtained at Canstadt. It shows fifteen plates, very thin and compressed, 

 with a front and back talon. Its dimensions are : — 



Length of crown, 8 in. Height at thirteenth plate, 5 - l in. Width of crown at 

 seventh plate, 2 85 in. 



In the collection of the Turin Museum I found, mixed up with speci- 

 mens from St. Paolo, two lower molars of true Eleph. primigenius, the 

 one probably a penultimate, the other probably a third milk molar 

 (see p. 162). On examining the former carefully, an old label was 

 foimd showing that the specimen came from Germany — from ' Fasder- 

 burg,' and that it was not a Piedmontese fossil. Dimensions : — 



Penultimate lower, left, extreme length, 9' in. Width in front, about 2 - 7 in. 

 Width behind, 3 3 in. 



It has about seventeen plates, much worn. 



The Museum at Arezzo contains a detached penultimate lower molar, 

 left side, with the crown well worn. It shows an anterior large fang, 

 but about two plates are removed ; there are twelve discs of wear and a 

 hind talon, all worn except the talon. The enamel is thin and straight, 

 and there is no mesial expansion. This is an undoubted typical ex- 

 ample of E. primigenius, but there is no indication of its exact origin. 

 The bone adheres strongly to the tongue. 



In the Mineralogical Gallery of the Museum at Eome there is a frag- 

 ment of an inferior molar, left side, comprising (in two pieces which 

 unite) the anterior half of the crown of a true Eleph. primigenius. The 

 fragment includes the ten anterior ridges and the front talon ; the pos- 

 terior half lost by a recent fracture. Dimensions : — ■ 



Extreme length of fragment, 5 - in. Length of space occupied by ten anterior 

 plates, 45 in. Width of crown at second plate, 31 in. Greatest width at tenth 



plate, 57 in. 



