E. (EUELEPIIAS) PRIMIGENIUS. 175 



of a nearly perfect last true molar of the right, lower jaw, of Elephas 

 primigenius (No. 295). The enamel-plates are close, attenuated, and 

 bearing all the characteristics of E. primigenius. 



In Kaup's collection at Darmstadt there is a specimen of the sixth 

 lower molar, right side, with twenty-three ridges, the length of the crown 

 being 13 inches. In the same collection there is a very fine specimen 

 of the entire lower jaw, from the Khine, containing the sixth tooth, 

 partly worn on either side, and a portion of the fifth tooth in front. 

 The sixth tooth has nineteen ridges and talons, of which the first twelve 

 only are worn. The length of the crown is 11 inches. 



In the Museum at Rome there is a lower jaw of Elephas primigenius, 

 from Ponte Molle. It is most perfect on the right side, where the 

 coronoid process is seen, and also the edge of the diasteme and part of 

 the spout. The right ramus contains the last molar in situ and in 

 wear, but the rear portion is embedded in the alveolus, and with an 

 empty fang-pit in front filled with gravel. On the left side the whole 

 tooth is shown (the back part of the alveolus is broken), presenting 

 eighteen plates, and a section through the anterior large fang ; which 

 would seem to show that the bridge portion, supported by the large 

 fang, is worn out. On the left side the crown shows the remains of 

 eighteen plates and a posterior talon, of which the thirteen anterior are 

 more or less worn, while the last five are intact and enveloped by ce- 

 ment. The discs are transverse, with not the least mesial expansion, 

 and only a moderate degree of undulation. The plates are more ap- 

 proximated than in E. antiquus, and the crown broader for its length. 



Length of remaining portion of left molar, 10' in. "Width of crown at fourth 

 ridge, 2'8 in. Greatest width, 3'2 in. 



Lastly — Plate XIII. A., fig 3, of the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' 

 represents the lower jaw of Elephas primigenius, with the last two true 

 molars on either side (see description, vol. i. p. 439). 



' After the examination of a very large quantity of materials, I 

 believe the dentary formula in the Mammoth to be thus : — 



Milk Molars, True Molare. 



4, 8, 12 12, 16, 24 



4, 8, 12 12, 16, 24 



The plates advance by quaternary increments in each series, bearing in 

 mind that the first true molar, although of larger dimensions, commonly 

 repeats the number of ridges presented by the last milk molar, and 

 that the last true molar in all the Elephants and Mastodons is more 

 composite than the others.' 



Skull and other Bones. — In Kaup's collection at Darmstadt is a fine 

 cranium of E. primigenius, with only the frontal bosses broken. The 

 orbits and right zygomatic arch are entire ; the left zygomatic arch is 

 nearly so. The occipital fossa is enormous, as in E. Namadicus. 

 There are sections of both, tusks in the alveoli; and the last true molar, 

 with twenty-one ridges, well worn, is present on either side. 



In Mr. Swayne's Museum at Erith, I found the greater portion of the 

 ulna of E. primigenius, which is rare in English collections. 



In the collection of the Rev. John Gunn, of Irstead, there is a pelvis, 

 probably of E. primigenius, which was found at Mundesley in the 



