e. (euelephas) antiquus. 



187 



On examining the Museum at Turin in July 1856, I was at once 

 struck with the fact that the greater portion of the Piedmontese ele- 

 phants' teeth were evidently not of the same species as those of the 

 Val d'Arno, and on comparing them minutely with the figures in the 

 1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis ' (especially Plate XII. D. and Plate XIV. A.), 

 I had no doubt that they were of the Chartres and Grays (in Essex) 

 species, viz. E. antiquus. 



There is a specimen of a huge upper last molar, right side, the ex- 

 treme length of which is 13-75 in. to 14 in., and the greatest width of the 

 crown 4-5 in. This molar is not quite complete at the anterior end ; the 

 large fang and probably the anterior talon, with one or two ridges, are 

 broken off; but what remains shows twenty-four plates of enormous 

 depth (8 inches !). The crown is very broad in front and narrow 

 behind. The first twelve plates are worn ; the enamel is thin, and very 

 much crimped, especially in the middle, where there is a tendency to 

 loop expansion. The enamel is not nearly so thick as in E. meridionalis . 

 In every respect it closely resembles fig. 5 of Plate XII. D. of the 

 ' Fauna Ant. Si v.' The apices of the digitations of the ridges, just 

 beginning to come into wear, are very round and distinct. This 

 specimen comes from a railway digging at St. Paolo or Nizza della 

 Paglia. It is soft and white, and adheres strongly to the tongue. 



There are also four very fine specimens, consisting of the two last 

 upper and two last lower molars, also from St. Paolo ; but unfortunately 

 none of the teeth are entire, so that we are deprived of exact numerical 

 information as to the crown-ridges. But they all present the marked 

 characters of the species — viz. approximated plates of enamel, very 

 much crimped, the plates enormously high — i.e. the height more than 

 double the width of the crown. The lower jaw specimens also are 

 very much curved outwards, and with a contorted curve to the coronal 

 sm-face. All these four teeth probably belonged to the same animal — 

 an adult. Each of the upper teeth consists of nineteen plates, the rear 

 part being broken off. 



Length of fragment, 10- in. Greatest width of crown, 3-5 in. Greatest height of 

 plates, 7'5 in. 



Of the lower molars, the right shows twenty plates, and is very 

 narrow for its height. 



Length of fragment, 12- in. 

 6'5 in. 



Greatest width of crown, 3 - in. Greatest height, 



Another specimen is the right side of the lower jaw, containing an 

 entire antepenultimate true molar, with eleven ridges and a talon. The 

 tooth is very narrow for its height and length. 



Length, 7'5 in. Width of crown at third plate, 2-4 in. 1 

 e. Bones of Skeleton and Lower Jaw. — In the Museum at Eome there 

 are a number of the bones of the skeleton (the Pignano skeleton), evidently 

 belonging, from the characters of the teeth, to Elephas antiquus. The 

 skeleton consists of the skull and lower jaw, the vertebra? and ribs, the 

 femur, tibia, and bones of the feet. 



The Chichester Museum also contains many of the bones of the 

 skeleton of Elephas antiquus 



and among others a scapida 3 feet and 



1 The San Paolo molars were after- 

 wards referred by Dr. Falconer to E. Ar- 



meniacus. See memoir on E. Columhi, 

 page 250, and also page 192. — [Ed.] 



