THEIE GEOLOGICAL AGE. 195 



rence of all the fossil forms throughout ; for the points where 

 they are disclosed are little more than specks on the common 

 area. But the facts would seem to me to be as conclusive 

 as most of those on which we do not hesitate to reason in 

 geology, that five species of Elephantine Proboscidea were 

 co-existent at the same epoch in Piedmont and Lombardy ; 

 namely, two Mastodons, Trilophodon Borsoni and Tetralophodon 

 Arvemensis, and three Elephants, Loxodon meridionalis, Loxo- 

 don priscus, and Euelephas antiquus. 



In the earlier part of this communication I have already 

 referred to the association of Pliocene Mammalia in the Val 

 d'Arno. The Proboscideans which are found most abundant 

 there being Tetralophodon Arvemensis and Loxodon meridio- 

 nalis, along with Rhinoceros leptorhinus, 1 Hippopotamus major, 

 and other forms, herbivorous and carnivorous, characteristic 

 of the Sub-Apennine period. 



In the Roman States, Elephant remains have been met 

 with in strata of the same age, mingled with those of Rhi- 

 noceros leptorhinus, Hippopotamus major, and various other 

 Mammalia. The Elephants have hitherto been referred by 

 all or most authorities to the mammoth, Eleph. primigenius. 

 But Cuvier, under that name, has figured and described a 

 lower jaw from Monte Verde, which I refer to Loxodon meridi- 

 onalis. 2 Professor Ponzi, of Rome, has given an enumeration 

 of the genera and species in a communication to the Scien- 

 tific Association of Italy, in 1847. He refers all the Elephant 

 remains to Eleph. primigenius, and divides the fauna into 

 three groups, Pliocene, newer Pliocene and Modern. No 

 specimens of Mastodon remains, so far as I am aware, have 

 been described from this part of Italy. 



The only other foreign locality to which I shall refer for 

 a term of comparison is one of great interest in France, 

 in the Beauce, near Chartres, brought to light by a railway- 

 cutting within the last few years. Chartres is situated on the 

 plateau which separates the water-sheds of the Seine and of 

 the Loire. The line of excavation passed through a fluviatile 

 deposit of gravel, sandy loam, and brick earth, abounding in 

 remains of Elephants, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, and other 

 large herbivorous quadrupeds. 



A fine collection of these remains has been formed in the 

 Due de Luynes' Museum at Chateau Dampierre, by Mons. 

 Gory, to whose obliging kindness and liberality I was indebted 

 for an opportunity of examining them in detail. The Ele- 

 phant remains are numerous, consisting of molars, tusks, 

 bones of the extremities, and other parts of the skeleton. 



1 See note, p. 193.— [Ed.] 



2 Ossemens Eossiles, Ed. 3me., torn. i. p. 165, PI. ix. fig. 3. 



O 2 



