195 BRITISH AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



The molars were all of adult or well-grown animals, and 

 must have been derived from many individuals. I observed 

 no milk-teeth among them. Many of the teeth are in fine 

 preservation, thus admitting of easy specific identification. 

 With one doubtful exception they were all of Loxoclon mericli~ 

 onalis. The ridge-plates on the last lower molar, where 

 entire, never exceeded thirteen or fourteen in number. The 

 other characteristic marks of the Val d'Amo species are all 

 well exhibited ; namely, thick distinct digitations to the 

 plates, with very thick unplaited enamel, and the height of 

 the intact plates not much exceeding the width of the crown. 

 The doubtful specimen is a fragment of a very old molar of 

 the lower jaw, worn down to the base, which in some of the 

 plates presented discs of wear having a rhomboid mesial ex- 

 pansion, four-fifths of an inch broad, very much like those 

 of Loxoclon prisons. But the very advanced wear and frag- 

 mentary condition of this specimen left the specific de- 

 termination of it uncertain. The associated herbivorous 

 mammals were Rhinoceros leptorhinus, 1 Hippopotamus major, 

 with large bovine and cervine ruminants, with terete-branched 

 antlers, of species which during my short visit I was un- 

 able to determine. Mons. Du Bois Yillette, of Chartres, has 

 made an extensive collection of these remains, and some very 

 fine molars of Loxodon meridionalis presented by him are dis- 

 played in the Museum of the !ficole des Mines at Paris. One 

 to which I would refer is a superb specimen of a last upper 

 molar of the left side, showing eleven of the ridges worn. 

 The association of the mammalia, so far as it extends, in this 

 case is clearly that of a Pliocene Fauna; but the special 

 interest in its bearing on the English deposit lies in this, 

 that while the mineral characters of the bed and its contained 

 fossils present a close general agreement with those of Grays 

 Thurrock, the prevailing Elephant is a species which, so far 

 as I am aware, has not yet been detected in the brick-earth 

 deposits of the Valley of the Thames. 



I shall now consider the general conditions of the principal 

 deposits in which Elephant remains occur in England. In 

 the preceding part of this paper I have stated the grounds 

 for considering the Crag Mastodon to be a Pliocene species, 

 and the associated contemporaneous mammals, so far as they 

 have been well determined, as being likewise Pliocene. As 

 the Crag constitutes the lowest geological level in which 

 Elephant remains occur in England, it is of importance that 

 the species should be carefully identified. A characteristic 

 specimen of Euelephas antiquus, from the Red Crag of Eelix- 



1 See note, p. 193.— [Ed.] 



