THEIR GEOLOGICAL AGE. 203 



generally spread over England, and in the erratic beds to 

 which the names of ' Northern Drift ' and ' Till ' are applied. 

 The fauna would appear to consist of the same forms as in 

 the northern drift of Germany, namely, Rhinoceros antiqui- 

 tatis, equus, musk-ox, rein-deer, and other ruminants. Unlike 

 the Pliocene elephants, of which entire skeletons, with the 

 bones in more or less contiguity, have been observed in the 

 freshwater fluviatiles, the Mammoth remains generally 

 occur detached and scattered in the gravel, and I think it 

 worthy of inquiry whether a well- authenticated case is on 

 record of the bones of a Mammoth skeleton, collected toge- 

 ther in one locality in British Post-Pliocene deposits, and 

 if so, under what circumstances the case was presented. 

 Unrolled crania of the Mammoth have been procured from 

 the loess of the Valley of the Ehine. In one instance which 

 I have examined, at Mannheim, the skull is very perfect, 

 the bones fresh-looking and full of undecomposed gela- 

 tine. Buckland states, ' that at Kingsland, near Hoxton, in 

 1806, an entire elephant's skull was discovered, containing 

 two tusks of enormous length, as well as the grinding teeth ;' 

 but no particulars are given by which the species would be 

 determinable. Detached Mammoth remains have been found 

 in the Till in Scotland. At Clifton Hall, between Edinburgh 

 and Falkirk, a Mammoth tusk was discovered so fresh that 

 it was fit for the manufacture of chessmen. (Werner. Trans, 

 vol. iv. p. 58.) Another was discovered in a mass of diluvial 

 clay at Kilmaurs in Ayrshire, near the water of Carmel. 

 Mr. Smith, of Jordan Hill (in his Memoir on the ' Changes 

 in the Relative Levels of the Sea andLand,' p.35), cites several 

 other instances of Mammoth remains from the Till in the 

 southern and western parts of Scotland. It would be tedious 

 to enumerate all the localities where they have been discovered 

 in England. I will merely mention a few cases of special 

 interest. One of these is the ' elephant-bed ' of Dr. Mantell 

 at Brighton. I have examined a grinder from his collection 

 now in the Jermyn Street Museum ; it is labelled as being 

 from the chalk-rubble, is very fresh-looking, and presents 

 the characters of the Mammoth in a marked manner. 

 Another locality of interest, and demanding great care in 

 the observation, is the series of gravels described by Mr. 

 Godwin -Austen, as lying upon the ' mud-bed ' of Brackel- 

 sham and Pagham Bay. Here the teeth are constantly ex- 

 posed to being washed out of the gravel and embedded in 

 the mud-bed along with the Euelephas antiquus molars which 

 belong to it. I have seen very characteristic specimens of 

 Mammoth grinders from Kingsland. 



As regards the relative abundance of remains of the four 



