HANGE IN TIME OF THE MAMMOTH. 241 



lacustrine strata, which have yielded remains of E. meridio- 

 nalis, E. antiquus, Rhinoceros Etruscus, and Hippopotamus 

 major, &c. But not a trace of Mammoth has as yet Loen 

 discovered in the ' Norwich ' or in the ' Suffolk crag.' The 

 submergence of the land of the ' Forest-bed ' under the sea 

 is defined with the utmost precision ; the true Mammoth ex- 

 isted in England long before it, or at any rate during the 

 gradual refrigeration which preceded that event. 



In the supplement to Sir Charles Lyell's 5th edition of the 

 Manual of Geology (1857), it was stated on my authority 

 ' that there is no well authenticated example of this species 

 (E. primigenius) having ever been met with south of the 

 Alps. The specimens from Monte Mario and other local- 

 ities near Rome belong, according to him (Dr. F.) to E. 

 antiquus, Falc, and E. meridionalis, Nesti, and those in 

 Piedmont and Lombardy to the same two species, together 

 with Elephas priscus.' But this opinion was negatived in 

 1858, by the fact that M. Lartet, whose verdict is of the 

 highest authority in all that relates to the Proboscidea, iden- 

 tified an unquestionable specimen of E. primigenius, received 

 from Professor Ponzi, by whom it was discovered in situ, in 

 the volcanic gravel deposit of Monte Sacro. 1 On visiting 

 Rome in the spring of 1859, I saw abundant proofs of the 

 accuracy of M. Lartet's correction, in the rich private collec- 

 tions of Professor Ponzi and Signor Ceselli, in the Univer- 

 sity Museum of La Sapienza, and in Kircher's collection in 

 the Jesiiits' College. The authenticity of the localities was 

 placed beyond question, by the volcanic matrix of the speci- 

 mens showing crystals of Pyroxene and nodules of decomposed 

 Leucite. As this is a point of weighty importance in refer- 

 ence to the geographical range of E. primigenius, it may be 

 well to adduce some instances of the evidence in support of 

 it. The first is a fragment in the collection of Signor Ceselli 

 comprising the anterior two-thirds of an unworn penultimate 

 upper molar, presenting nine collines, very attenuated and 

 closely compacted, seven of them being presented within the 

 space of 3*2 inches, giving an average of about "46 inch to 

 each. The enamel is very thin, and the digital terminations 

 are slender and numerous, there being about nine to each 

 colline. This specimen is undistinguishable in its character 

 from a Mammoth's tooth of the same age from Siberia, or an 

 English gravel bed. It was found in the volcanic gravel bed 

 of Ponte Molle, and the matrix abounds in Pyroxene and 

 Leucite. Another is a specimen presenting the anterior half 

 of a penultimate lower left true molar, with ten ridges, all 



1 Bullet. Societ. Geologique de France, 2e serie, torn. xvi. p. 565. 

 VOL. II. R 



