288 LIVING AND EXTINCT ELEPHANTS. 



describing the nature of the hair of the Mammoth, he adds : 

 ' Par consequent, il n'est pas douteux que 1' elephant fossile, 

 tel qu'il se trouve en Siberie, avait une fourrure d' animal de 

 pays froids.' 1 Again: 'Ainsi non seulement il n'y a rien 

 d'impossible a ce qu'elle ait pu supporter un climat que feroit 

 perir celle des Indes, il est meme probable, qu'elle etoit con- 

 stitute de maniere a preferer les climats froids.' 2 Here it 

 will be observed that Cuvier, with philosophic caution, limits 

 his argument to the extinct animal, such as it occurs in 

 Siberia, believing, as he did, that the species had also existed 

 in more temperate regions. But we now know that the 

 Mammoth roamed over Europe before the Glacial period. 

 Take the cases where its remains have been found in the 

 ' Forest-bed' of the Norfolk coast and in the volcanic gravels 

 around Rome. In the former, the vegetation, arboreous and 

 herbaceous, according to the determinations of Heer, closely 

 resembled that of the existing period, and the pre-glacial 

 Mammoth subsisted upon it, in association with Elephas anti- 

 quus, Hippopotamus major, and Rhinoceros Etruscus. The 

 Valley of the Tiber, between the Seven Hills, was formerly a 

 great lake, 3 more than 130 feet above the present level of 

 the river, receiving the volcanic ashes and other ejecta of the 

 surrounding active craters, and forming enormous beds of 

 travertine and gravels, in which remains of the true Mam- 

 moth occur associated with Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros 

 leptorhinus (megarhinus, Christol), and a species of extinct 

 Hippopotamus. No one, at the present day, will be hardy 

 enough to maintain that the Flora of Central Italy was at 

 that time identical with, or as limited in the number of 

 Arctic species as that of Siberia, where the wool-clad variety 

 of the north lived and pastured ; for we have distinct proof 

 that the glacial refrigeration, which characterized the Alpine 

 valleys and plains of Europe north of the Alps, was greatly 

 modified in intensity on the southern side of the chain. The 

 enormous glacier of the Valley of the Adige, after emerging 

 from the 'Lago di Garda,' melted away, leaving on the 

 margin of the Valley of the Po a vast mass of moraine. On 

 the southern side of the Apennines, glacial phenomena have 

 nowhere as yet been traced down upon the plains on their 

 flanks. Yet the Mammoth existed in Central Italy, either 

 before that period of refrigeration began, or when its effects 

 told, but inconsiderably, in that southern latitude. It would 

 therefore be as legitimate to detect a special relation between 

 the composite structure of the teeth, and the vegetation upon 

 which they were exercised, in the Mammoth of the South of 



1 Oss. Foss. 4to Edit. torn. i. p. 196. I 3 Hoffmann, Edinb. New Philos. 



2 Idem. p. 200. J Journ. 1829, vol. viii. pp. 85 and 96. 



