S10 RHINOCEROS. 



1. Rhinoceros leptorhinus. — This is the original and typical 

 Rhinoceros leptorhinus of Cuvier, founded on Cortesi's Monte 

 Zago cranium. It is the species described by Christol as R. 

 megarhinus, and is the only Pliocene or Post-Pliocene European 

 species that had not a nasal septum. To this belongs the 

 celebrated Cortesi cranium in the Museum at Milan, which I 

 have carefully examined. With this species also I have iden- 

 tified the Rhinoceros remains found in the Sub-Apennine beds 

 of Piacenza, in the Val d' Arno upper beds, at Montpellier and 

 Lyons, and at Grays Thurrock in Essex. The Rhinoceros, 

 however, found in the Elephant-bed of the Norfolk coast is 

 different. 



2. Rhinoceros Etruscus. — This species, like the following, 

 had an incomplete bony nasal septum, but it had a compara- 

 tively slight and slender form. It is met with, along with 

 Elephas (Loxodon) meridionalis and Mastodon Arvernensis, in 

 the lower beds of the Val d'Arno, and in the ' Submarine 

 Forest-Bed,' or super-imposed blue clays of the Norfolk Coast, 

 immediately underlying the boulder-clay ; but, as yet, it has 

 been found in none of the ossiferous caves of Britain. With 

 this species, also, I have identified the remains of a Rhinoceros 

 submitted to me by Professor Ansted, which were found a few 

 miles from Malaga, in white marl, overlying Pliocene blue 

 clay abounding with shells. 



3. Rhinoceros hemitoechus. — This species has been described 

 by Professor Owen as R. leptorhinus. It has the nasal septum 

 incomplete in the centre, and it differs from R. antiquitatis 

 (R. tichorinus) in other cranial characters, as well as in those 

 of the teeth. I am satisfied on this point, after examining the 

 entire dentition of both young and old animals. Rhinoceros 

 hemitoechus accompanies Elephas antiquus in most of the oldest 

 British bone-caves, such as Cefn, Durdham Down, Minchin 

 Hole, and other Gower caverns. It is also found at Clacton 

 in Essex {e.g. The ' Clacton Rhinoceros ' ), and in certain 

 beds in Northamptonshire. It is also met with in Italy. 



From some of these localities, entire skulls and a great 

 portion of the skeleton have been obtained. 



4. Rhinoceros antiquitatis (R. tichorinus). — This species had 

 a complete bony nasal septum. It is found in the newer Plio- 

 cene deposits of Kent, Surrey, and Essex, and associated with 

 Elephas primigenius in caverns of the same date. Elephas 

 antiquus with Rhinoceros hemitoechus, and Elephas primigenius 

 with Rhinoceros antiquitatis, though respectively characte- 

 rizing the earlier and later portions of our period, were 

 probably contemporary animals ; and they certainly were com- 

 panions of the cave-bears, cave-lions, and cave-hyamas, and 

 of some at least of the existing mammalia. There can be no 



