OSSIFEROUS CAVES OF GOWER. 505 



has heretofore attached to the term ' Mammoth,' when Ele- 

 phants have been -cited, is now generally admitted ; and I 

 believe that a corresponding looseness has applied to the 

 species of Rhinoceros. 



Colonel Wood, at whose charge the excavations were made, 

 presented the collection of fossil bones to the Museum of the 

 Royal Institution of South Wales at Swansea, where they are 

 now carefully preserved, and I have had several opportunities 

 of examining them in detail. 



Elephant Remains. — These consist of 11 molars or fragments 

 of molars of the upper and lower jaws of young and adult 

 animals ; a fragment of an enormous tusk 24 inches in girth, 

 and 5^ feet long when measured in the deposit ; 6 vertebrae, 

 chiefly dorsal and lumbar, but of different sizes, indicating 

 more than one individual ; 2 humeri, right and left, appa- 

 rently of the same animal, comprising the inferior two-thirds 

 of the shaft : the head of one of them present, but detached ; 

 1 radius and ulna quite entire ; 1 huge femur, corresponding 

 in size with the humeri, and probably of the same individual, 

 the shaft and condyles entire, the articular head present, 

 but detached ; 2 tibias of large size and entire, corresponding 

 with the femur and humeri ; 2 tibias, also entire, but of a 

 smaller animal ; 1 calcaneum of the right side, of large 

 size, and in fine preservation ; 14 metacarpal and metatarsal 

 bones. 



The molars present all the characteristic marks which dis- 

 tinguish Elephas antiquus from the true Mammoth, E. pri- 

 migenius ; namely, comparatively narrow crowns, with fewer 

 ridges, the plates of enamel thick and well crimped, and the 

 discs of wear wide and open, with a tendency to expansion 

 in the middle. They agree in the closest manner with molars 

 of the same species, E. antiquus, from the Oyster-bed of the 

 Norfolk coast, Saffron Walden, Clacton, Grays Thurrock, 

 the mud-bed of Pagham, and the Sub-Apennine deposits of 

 the Astesan. One of them consists of a last true molar of 

 the lower jaw, right side, presenting fourteen principal ridges, 

 to a length of 11 inches. Another is the corresponding 

 tooth of the left side ; another is a third milk molar of the 

 upper jaw, right side — not quite entire, but very character- 

 istic ; another is a germ specimen of an upper antepenulti- 

 mate true molar. The remaining specimens are more or less 

 fragmentary, but are alike characteristic of E. antiquus. Not 

 a vestige indicative of E. primigenius was detected, either 

 among the teeth or bones. The remains belonged to at least 

 three individuals, one of large size, another smaller, and a 

 third which had not quite passed through the last stage of 

 milk dentition. The bones were free from marks of gnawing, 



