OSSIFEROUS CAVES OF GO WEE. 521 



a fragment of a tusk, and remains of Bos and Deer, were also 

 met with in the same deposit. 



On clearing out the sand, which at the back part of the 

 cave decreased in thickness from 9 to 3 feet, the deposit 

 under the floor of concrete breccia was next examined. The 

 breccia was found to vary from 9 inches to a foot in thick- 

 ness ; and, as usual in the other Gower caves, the traces of a 

 continuation of it were seen extending 1 seaward on the face of 

 the cliff, many feet beyond the mouth of the fissure. The 

 stratum below consisted of a very hard, dark-grey, gritty 

 sand, attaining a maximum thickness of about 8 feet. 



At present, in its excavated state, ' Raven's Cliff ' Cavern 

 exhibits a fissure, about 20 feet high at the entrance, and 29 

 feet in width. The walls gradually converge inwards, and 

 the roof declines in the same direction, so that the extremity 

 terminates in an angular contraction about 43 feet from the 

 entrance, where the aggregate thickness of the deposits 

 amounts to 18£ feet. 



13. Paviland Cave. — Skeleton of ' Eed Lady ' and 

 Elephant Remains. 



The two cavernous fissures on the face of the cliff, 

 below the very bold and grand escarpment which is called 

 the ' Yellow Top Rock ' are so well known, under the 

 name of the ' Paviland Cave,' through the description 

 given by Dr. Buckland, that on the present occasion I 

 shall confine my remarks to a single point, namely, the 

 human bones found in the cavern, and their presumable 

 relation to the Elephant remains with which they were 

 associated. An imperfect female skeleton, minus the skull, 

 vertebra?, and extremities of the right side, but with the 

 remaining parts asserted to have been found lying ' extended 

 in the usual position of burial,' was discovered beneath a 

 shallow covering of nearly six inches of earth, on the floor 

 of the eastern cavern called the ' Coat's Hole.' The bones 

 were stained red, by a kind of ruddle, ' composed of red 

 micaceous oxide of iron,' in consequence of which the skele- 

 ton was distinguished in Gower by the name of the ' Red 

 Lady of Paviland.' None of the fossil or other bones found 

 in the contiguous deposits were stained in a similar manner. 

 But numerous fragments of slender and smooth cylindrical 

 ivory rods, and some portions of ivory rings, supposed to 

 have been bracelets, also stained red, were exhumed in close 

 contact with the skeleton. They were in a state of complete 

 decay, brittle, and so tender as to be readily cut by the nail. 

 In an adjoining bank, at a higher level, two Mammoths' 

 molars were discovered, which I have examined, in the 



