OSSIFEROUS CAVES OF GOWER. 527 



true E. primigenius, from Ponte Molle, Monte Mario, and 

 Monte Sacro, near the Ponte Nomentano. They were from 

 the same tufaceous deposits which yielded the remains of 

 E. antiquus, and the accuracy of the assigned localities was 

 placed beyond question, by the matrix which covered the 

 Mammoth molars presenting abundant grains of Pryroxene 

 and decomposed Amphigene which characterize the volcanic 

 Tuffs around Rome. E. antiquus occurs also in the Yal 

 d'Arno and in the Valley of the Po. The range of the spe- 

 cies which I have named Rhinoceros hemitoechus, both geogra- 

 phically and in time, has not yet been so precisely determined. 

 In England it occurs in the Clacton-beds so perseveringly 

 examined by the late Mr. John Brown of Stanway, at Folke- 

 stone, and in some upper tertiary deposits in Northampton- 

 shire. It is not a little singular that the prevailing fossil 

 Rhinoceros of Grays Thurrock, of which the remains are 

 found in very great abundance, belongs to a species which I 

 regard as being entirely distinct from the Rhinoceros hemitoe- 

 dms of Clacton and the Gower caves. 



Of the large Carnivora, Bears, chiefly JJrsus speloeus, were 

 found in all those caverns. Remains of Ganis lupus were also 

 very abundant throughout ; and in ' Bacon Hole ' there was 

 distinct evidence of their occurrence, in the cave earth below 

 the second stratum of stalagmite, mixed up with bones of 

 Hycena spelosa, Rhinoceros hemitoechus, and Elephas antiquus. 

 Hymna speloea was most abundant in ' Spritsail-Tor ' and 

 ' Paviland,' but comparatively rare in ' Bacon Hole,' ' Min- 

 chin Hole,' and ' Raven's Cliff,' and entirely wanting in 

 ' Bosco's Den.' In ' Raven's Cliff' the ulna of a Hyaena was 

 found covered with large superficial patches of the slender 

 burrowed canals, described by authors under the name of 

 Talpina, which has also been observed on fossil teeth from 

 Malta, and on the enamel of the molars of Dinotherium from 

 Miocene beds in India. Remains of Felis speloea are rare in 

 the Gower caves ; they turned up only in ' Spritsail-Tor ' 

 and ' Raven's Cliff.' Meles Taxus occurred in ' Bacon Hole,' 

 ' Spritsail-Tor,' ' Crow Hole,' and ' Raven's Cliff,' and the 

 remains yielded several finely preserved crania and lower 

 jaws ; in ' Bacon Hole' traces of it were found, in the deeper 

 deposits, along with E. antiquus and R. hemitoechus. 



Of Hippopotamus major a few teeth only were found, at a 

 low level in the sand beds of ' Raven's Cliff,' the most cha- 

 racteristic being a third milk molar closely resembling the 

 Kirkdale specimen figured by Buckland in the ' Reliquiae 

 Diluvianae,' PI. XIII. fig. 7, one perfect premolar of an adult 

 and a portion of another, together with some nearly foetal 

 teeth. The occurrence of this huge extinct species of 



