3 o PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



is a truly boreal species, occupying the higher latitudes of Europe, 

 Siberia, and North America, has been widely met with in 

 Palaeolithic deposits, and appears to have had a range hardly 

 less extensive than that of the glutton. 



The Common Marmot (Arctomys marmottd) and the Pouched 

 Marmot (Spermophihcs citillus) have a very wide range at the 

 present day, stretching from Central Europe through Siberia to 

 North America. They are generally found in mountainous dis- 

 tricts, and often at lofty elevations, where the climate is neces- 

 sarily severe. The pouched marmot lived in the low grounds of 

 Europe as far south as Southern France in Palaeolithic times, 

 and its remains have been detected in English and Belgian caves, 

 in the latter of which the common marmot also occurs. Remains 

 of the marmot have also been got at Mentone and in the low 

 grounds of Piedmont at the foot of the Moncalieri-Valenza hills. 



The Lemming. — Three species of lemming have been re- 

 corded from Palaeolithic deposits, namely Myodes lemmus, Pall., 

 the common or Norwegian lemming, M. torquatus, Pall., the 

 torquated lemming, and M. obensis, the Siberian lemming. The 

 first is a native of Russian Lapland, Norway and Sweden ; the 

 second occurs in circumpolar regions — in Siberia, North America, 

 and Greenland ; while the last-named is met with in Siberia and 

 Arctic North America. In Palaeolithic times lemmings ranged 

 south to Bohemia, Saxony, Upper Franconia, and Central France. 



The Tailless Hare or Pika (Lagomys pusillus) is another 

 living boreal species the remains of which are met with in bone- 

 caves in England and Belgium. The form L. corsicanus occurs 

 in breccia in Corsica, and Z. sardus in cave-deposits in Sardinia. 



The Ibex (Capra ibex) is found living in the Alps, and an- 

 other species (C. pyrenaims) inhabits the Pyrenees ; an ibex is 

 also met with in the mountains of Andalusia. The ibex lived 

 plentifully in the region of the Jura, the south of France, and 

 Northern Italy, in Palaeolithic times. Great quantities of the 

 bones of this animal also occur in the Gibraltar caves. 



The Snowy Vole (Arvicola nivalis), now a native of the 

 higher Alps, formerly lived in the low grounds of Lombardy. 



