62 



PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



Pleistocene deposits (loss) of Wiirzburg. The Helix fruticum, 

 for example, which now lives in Franconia, is much larger and 

 has a thicker shell than the sub-fossil variety, and the same 

 holds true of Helix strigella. On the other hand, Cionella lubrica 

 and Pupa muscorum are now represented by smaller forms. It 

 is only in high mountains and in northern latitudes that we meet 

 with the varieties of these and other species which appear in 

 the Wiirzburg deposits. But the cold climatic conditions thus 

 implied are rendered still more apparent when we learn that 

 Helix striata occurs only in the Swedish form, that Helix 

 tenuilahris and Pupa columella are now restricted to northern 

 regions, and that the extinct Pupa parcedentata comes nearest 

 to a high-alpine species. 



Man is represented in the same deposits by only one small 

 finger-bone, and the associated mammalian remains do not 

 contradict the evidence supplied by the shells. Dr. Sandberger 

 chronicles 36 species, which he arranges as follows : — 



Not yet sufficiently determined ...... 8 species. 



Cervus tarandus (reindeer). 



Gulo luscus (glutton). 



Myodes obensis 1 (Siberian lemming). 



„ torquatus (torquated lemming). 

 Arvicola ratticeps (northern field-vole). 

 „ gregalis (Siberian social-vole). 

 Spermophilus altaicus (Altai pouched-marmot) 

 East ( Alactaga jaculus (jerboa) 

 European ( Arctomys (? bobac) (marmot). 

 ' Hymna spelaa 2 (cave-hyaena). 

 Ursus spelmus (cave-bear). 



Bos primigenius (urus). ( 



Bison priscus (extinct bison). 

 Elephas primigenius (mammoth). 

 ^Rhinoceros tichorhinus (Siberian rhinoceros). 

 Living now or within historical times in Franconia . ..13 



Hyperborean - 



Extinct 



36 



1 Added in MS. by Dr. Sandberger since the publication of his paper. 



2 The cave-hyaana is believed to be the progenitor of the living Hycena crocuta, 

 from which it differs chiefly in size. 



