1 1 2 PREHISTORIC E UROPE. 



Eyzies, near Tayac (Perigord), Laugerie (Perigord), La Made- 

 leine (Perigord), Gourdan (Haute- Garonne), Duruthy (Pyre- 

 nees), Sartenette and La Salpetriere in the lower valley of 

 Gardon, etc. 



Although these caves are said to belong to the Eeindeer 

 period, it must not be supposed that the caves pertaining to the 

 so-called epoch of the Cave-bear and the Mammoth contain no 

 traces of the northern fauna. On the contrary, even those caves 

 which are assigned by archaeologists to the earliest stages of 

 Palaeolithic times often contain representatives from the northern, 

 southern, and temperate groups. But in the older caves remains 

 of the extinct forms predominate — such as cave-bear, mammoth, 

 rhinoceros, etc. — while the reindeer and its immediate associates 

 are less frequently met with. In the caves of the so-called 

 Eeindeer period, the extinct forms are less numerous, and the 

 reindeer, on the contrary, very abundant. 



The caves of Germany and Switzerland have likewise sup- 

 plied us with plentiful remains of the mammalian fauna of 

 Palaeolithic times. Among the best known are those of Gailen- 

 ruth and Muggendorf in the valley of the Wiesent ; Baumanns- 

 hohle, Bielshohle, and others in the Harz; and those which 

 occur in the limestone-districts of Westphalia between Diissel- 

 dorf and Iserlohn. They are not uncommon in the northern 

 part of the Jura Mountains (Franconian Alb), and they occur 

 now and again in the same hilly tract between Schaffhausen and 

 Coburg. The Kesserloch near Thaingen, in the canton of 

 Schaffhausen, and the cave of Veyrier, near Geneva, are famous 

 Swiss caves in which relics of the Eeindeer period occur in 

 great abundance. 



The caves of Southern Europe are also rich in animal debris, 

 but they differ from those of Central Europe in never having 

 yielded remains of the reindeer or the musk-sheep. So far as 

 we yet know, neither of these animals ever went south of the 

 Pyrenees and the Alps. Certain other species, however, which 

 are now confined to high latitudes or alpine elevations, appear 

 at one time to have lived at low levels in the Mediterranean 



